![\"\u751f\u7269Biology\u5b66\u79d1\"](\"https:\/\/www.studygate.com\/blog-cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/02\/\u751f\u7269Biology\u5b66\u79d1-359x200.png\")
<\/p>\nabsorption: the process in which nutrients enter cells of the villi, then move across the cells and enter blood vessels.<\/p>\n
\u5438\u6536\uff1a\u8425\u517b\u7269\u8d28\u8fdb\u5165\u7ed2\u6bdb\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7a7f\u8fc7\u7ec6\u80de\u79fb\u52a8\u5e76\u8fdb\u5165\u8840\u7ba1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
acids: compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) when the compounds are placed in water.<\/p>\n
\u9178\uff1a\u5c06\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6c34\u4e2d\u65f6\u4f1a\u91ca\u653e\u6c22\u79bb\u5b50\uff08H +\uff09\u7684\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
actin: a protein filament within the sarcomeres of muscle cells.<\/p>\n
\u808c\u52a8\u86cb\u767d\uff1a\u808c\u7ec6\u80de\u8089\u7624\u5185\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u4e1d\u3002<\/p>\n
action potential: occurs when a neuron is displaying a nerve impulse.<\/p>\n
\u52a8\u4f5c\u7535\u4f4d\uff1a\u5f53\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u795e\u7ecf\u51b2\u52a8\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n
active site: the portion of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate.<\/p>\n
\u6d3b\u6027\u4f4d\u70b9\uff1a\u4e0e\u5e95\u7269\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u9176\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
active transport: the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration that requires the expenditure of energy (ATP).<\/p>\n
\u4e3b\u52a8\u8fd0\u8f93\uff1a\u5206\u5b50\u4ece\u4f4e\u6d53\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u5230\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u7684\u8de8\u819c\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6d88\u8017\u80fd\u91cf\uff08ATP\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
adenosine diphosphate (ADP): a product of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown.<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u78f7\u9178\u817a\u82f7\uff08ADP\uff09\uff1a\u4e09\u78f7\u9178\u817a\u82f7\uff08ATP\uff09\u5206\u89e3\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
adenosine triphosphate (ATP): the chemical substance that serves as the currency of energy in cells.<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u78f7\u9178\u817a\u82f7\uff08ATP\uff09\uff1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u80fd\u91cf\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
adrenal glands: two glands lying atop the kidneys that produce a family of steroids.<\/p>\n
\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\uff1a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u80be\u810f\u4e0a\u65b9\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u817a\u4f53\uff0c\u53ef\u4ea7\u751f\u7c7b\u56fa\u9187\u3002<\/p>\n
aerobic: organisms that require oxygen for their metabolism.<\/p>\n
\u6709\u6c27\u7684\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u6c27\u6c14\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
algae: a large number of photosynthetic organisms that are generally unicellular and not classified as plants.<\/p>\n
\u85fb\u7c7b\uff1a\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u4e14\u672a\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u690d\u7269\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u5149\u5408\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
alleles: different forms of the same gene.<\/p>\n
\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\uff1a\u540c\u4e00\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
alveoli: microscopic air sacs that are surrounded by a rich network of blood vessels in mammalian lungs that function in gas exchange; the air sacs are at the end of the bronchioles.<\/p>\n
\u80ba\u6ce1\uff1a\u5728\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u80ba\u4e2d\u88ab\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u8840\u7ba1\u7f51\u7edc\u5305\u56f4\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u6c14\u56ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c14\u4f53\u5728\u6c14\u4f53\u4ea4\u6362\u4e2d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff1b\u6c14\u56ca\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7ec6\u652f\u6c14\u7ba1\u7684\u672b\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n
amino acids: the building blocks of proteins.<\/p>\n
\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\uff1a\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
amoeba: single-celled organisms with no distinct shape; members of the phylum Sarcodina.<\/p>\n
\u53d8\u5f62\u866b\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
Animalia: the kingdom that includes the animals.<\/p>\n
\u52a8\u7269\u754c\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u5185\u7684\u738b\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n
antibodies: proteins synthesized by plasma cells that are released into the circulation to the antigen site and destroy the microorganisms by chemically reacting with them.<\/p>\n
\u6297\u4f53\uff1a\u6d46\u7ec6\u80de\u5408\u6210\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\uff0c\u91ca\u653e\u5230\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u7684\u6297\u539f\u90e8\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u53d1\u751f\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u800c\u7834\u574f\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
antibody-mediated immunity: the process by which antibodies bind to antigens and destroy the microorganisms in a highly specific manner.<\/p>\n
\u6297\u4f53\u4ecb\u5bfc\u7684\u514d\u75ab\uff1a\u6297\u4f53\u4e0e\u6297\u539f\u7ed3\u5408\u5e76\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7834\u574f\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
anticodon: the complementary codon present on a tRNA molecule.<\/p>\n
\u53cd\u5bc6\u7801\u5b50\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e8etRNA\u5206\u5b50\u4e0a\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u5bc6\u7801\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
antigens: the immune-stimulating polysaccharides on the surface of cells.<\/p>\n
\u6297\u539f\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u8868\u9762\u7684\u514d\u75ab\u523a\u6fc0\u6027\u591a\u7cd6\u3002<\/p>\n
aorta: the major artery of the human circulatory system that receives blood from the left ventricle.<\/p>\n
\u4e3b\u52a8\u8109\uff1a\u4eba\u4f53\u5faa\u73af\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u8109\uff0c\u5176\u4ece\u5de6\u5fc3\u5ba4\u63a5\u6536\u8840\u6db2\u3002<\/p>\n
appendix: a small fingerlike process that may be a vestige of larger organs functional in human ancestors.<\/p>\n
\u9644\u5f55\uff1a\u624b\u6307\u72b6\u7684\u5c0f\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7956\u5148\u7684\u8f83\u5927\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n
archaebacteria: ancient bacteria that have a different ribosomal structure, membrane composition, and cell wall composition than modern bacteria.<\/p>\n
\u8003\u53e4\u7ec6\u83cc\uff1a\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ec6\u83cc\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6838\u7cd6\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u819c\u6210\u5206\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u58c1\u6210\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u7ec6\u83cc\u3002<\/p>\n
arteries: the channels through which fluid flows away from the heart.<\/p>\n
\u52a8\u8109\uff1a\u6d41\u4f53\u4ece\u5fc3\u810f\u6d41\u8fc7\u7684\u901a\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n
atom: the smallest part of an element that can enter into various combinations with atoms of other elements.<\/p>\n
\u539f\u5b50\uff1a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u8fdb\u884c\u5404\u79cd\u7ec4\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n
atrium: a thin-walled receiving chamber in which blood accumulates in fishes.<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u5ead\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8584\u58c1\u7684\u63a5\u6536\u5ba4\uff0c\u8840\u6db2\u5728\u9c7c\u4f53\u5185\u79ef\u805a\u3002<\/p>\n
auditory nerve: the nerve within the ear that carries impulses to the brain for interpretation.<\/p>\n
\u542c\u795e\u7ecf\uff1a\u8033\u5185\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\uff0c\u5411\u5927\u8111\u4f20\u9012\u8109\u51b2\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n
autonomic nervous system: a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system, which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u4e3b\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u5468\u56f4\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec6\u5206\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u4ea4\u611f\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u526f\u4ea4\u611f\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n
autosomes: the 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.<\/p>\n
\u5e38\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\u6027\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u768422\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
autotrophic: certain bacteria that synthesize their own foods.<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u517b\u6027\uff1a\u67d0\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u5408\u6210\u81ea\u8eab\u98df\u7269\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u3002<\/p>\n
axon: the long extension of a neuron.<\/p>\n
\u8f74\u7a81\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u957f\u8ddd\u79bb\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002<\/p>\n
bacilli: the rod-shaped bacteria (singular, bacillus).<\/p>\n
\u6746\u83cc\uff1a\u6746\u72b6\u7ec6\u83cc\uff08\u5947\u5f02\u6746\u83cc\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
bark: the structure of vascular plants formed between the phloem and the cork.<\/p>\n
\u6811\u76ae\uff1a\u5728\u97e7\u76ae\u90e8\u548c\u8f6f\u6728\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7ef4\u7ba1\u690d\u7269\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
bases: compounds that attract hydrogen atoms when placed in water.<\/p>\n
\u78b1\uff1a\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6c34\u4e2d\u65f6\u4f1a\u5438\u5f15\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
basophils: the white blood cells that function in allergic responses.<\/p>\n
\u55dc\u78b1\u6027\u7c92\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u5728\u53d8\u6001\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u767d\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
bicuspid (mitral) valve: the valve that leads into the left ventricle of the human heart.<\/p>\n
\u53cc\u5c16\u74e3\uff08\u4e8c\u5c16\u74e3\uff09\uff1a\u901a\u5411\u4eba\u5fc3\u810f\u5de6\u5fc3\u5ba4\u7684\u74e3\u819c\u3002<\/p>\n
binomial name: the scientific name of an organism, which contains two elements.<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u9879\u5f0f\u540d\u79f0\uff1a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n
biomass: the total dry weight of food at each level of the food pyramid.<\/p>\n
\u751f\u7269\u91cf\uff1a\u98df\u7269\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u98df\u7269\u7684\u603b\u5e72\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n
biome: a group of communities dominated by a particular climax community, such as deserts, forests, and prairies.<\/p>\n
\u751f\u7269\u7fa4\u843d\uff1a\u7531\u7279\u5b9a\u9ad8\u6f6e\u7fa4\u843d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6c99\u6f20\uff0c\u68ee\u6797\u548c\u8349\u539f\uff09\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u7fa4\u843d\u3002<\/p>\n
biosphere: the blanket of living things that surrounds the substratum of the earth.<\/p>\n
\u751f\u7269\u5708\uff1a\u56f4\u7ed5\u5730\u7403\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6bef\u3002<\/p>\n
blastocyst: a hollow ball of cells resulting after the morula has passed through the Fallopian tubes and enters the female uterus.<\/p>\n
\u80da\u6ce1\uff1a\u6851\u901a\u8fc7\u8f93\u5375\u7ba1\u8fdb\u5165\u96cc\u6027\u5b50\u5bab\u540e\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u7a7a\u5fc3\u7403\u3002<\/p>\n
blood clotting: the process in which platelets adhere to the walls of damaged blood vessels, setting off a series of processes leading to the formation of a patchy mesh at the injury site.<\/p>\n
\u8840\u6db2\u51dd\u7ed3\uff1a\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u7c98\u9644\u5728\u53d7\u635f\u8840\u7ba1\u58c1\u4e0a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u53d7\u4f24\u90e8\u4f4d\u5f62\u6210\u6591\u7247\u72b6\u7f51\u72b6\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
bronchi: two large tubes at the lower end of the trachea (singular, bronchus).<\/p>\n
\u652f\u6c14\u7ba1\uff1a\u6c14\u7ba1\u4e0b\u7aef\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u7ba1\u5b50\uff08\u5355\u652f\uff0c\u652f\u6c14\u7ba1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
bronchioles: the branches formed from the bronchi.<\/p>\n
\u7ec6\u652f\u6c14\u7ba1\uff1a\u7531\u652f\u6c14\u7ba1\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n
capillaries: the microscopic blood vessels between the arteries and the veins.<\/p>\n
\u6bdb\u7ec6\u8840\u7ba1\uff1a\u52a8\u8109\u548c\u9759\u8109\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u8840\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n
carbohydrates: the primary energy source for living things; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.<\/p>\n
\u78b3\u6c34\u5316\u5408\u7269\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u80fd\u6e90\uff1b\u7531\u78b3\uff0c\u6c22\u548c\u6c27\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n
cardiac muscle: the involuntary muscle found in the heart; contains actin and myosin filaments.<\/p>\n
\u5fc3\u808c\uff1a\u5728\u5fc3\u810f\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u975e\u81ea\u613f\u808c\u8089\uff1b\u5305\u542b\u808c\u52a8\u86cb\u767d\u548c\u808c\u7403\u86cb\u767d\u4e1d\u3002<\/p>\n
carnivores: animals that eat other animals.<\/p>\n
\u98df\u8089\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u5403\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
carrying capacity: a situation when a population has reached the maximum size that the environment can support.<\/p>\n
\u627f\u8f7d\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u4eba\u53e3\u8fbe\u5230\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n
catabolism: the breakdown or digestion of large, complex molecules.<\/p>\n
\u5206\u89e3\u4ee3\u8c22\uff1a\u5927\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u6216\u6d88\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
cecum: a blind sac that is the meeting point of the small and large intestines.<\/p>\n
\u76f2\u80a0\uff1a\u76f2\u80a0\u56ca\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u5c0f\u80a0\u7684\u6c47\u5408\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
cerebellum: a portion of the hindbrain that serves as a coordinating center for motor activity.<\/p>\n
\u5c0f\u8111\uff1a\u540e\u8111\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd0\u52a8\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n
cell body: the main portion of the nerve cell.<\/p>\n
\u7ec6\u80de\u4f53\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
cell cycle: many repetitions of cellular growth and reproduction; divided into interphase and mitosis.<\/p>\n
\u7ec6\u80de\u5468\u671f\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u957f\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u590d\uff1b\u5206\u4e3a\u95f4\u671f\u548c\u6709\u4e1d\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n
cell-mediated immunity: the process in which the T lymphocytes interact with the microorganisms cell-to-cell and destroy them.<\/p>\n
\u7ec6\u80de\u4ecb\u5bfc\u7684\u514d\u75ab\uff1aT\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0e\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5e76\u7834\u574f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
cells: the fundamental units of living things.<\/p>\n
\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
cellular respiration: the process by which animals and other organisms obtain the energy available in carbohydrates.<\/p>\n
\u7ec6\u80de\u547c\u5438\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u83b7\u53d6\u78b3\u6c34\u5316\u5408\u7269\u4e2d\u53ef\u7528\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
![\"\u9ad8\u4e2d\u751f\u7269Biology\u8bcd\u6c47\"](\"https:\/\/www.studygate.com\/blog-cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/02\/\u9ad8\u4e2d\u751f\u7269Biology\u8bcd\u6c47.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
cell wall: a strong membrane outside the plasma membrane present in certain cells, such as bacteria and plants.<\/p>\n
\u7ec6\u80de\u58c1\uff1a\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ec6\u80de\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7ec6\u83cc\u548c\u690d\u7269\uff09\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8d28\u819c\u5916\u7684\u575a\u56fa\u819c\u3002<\/p>\n
centriole: a cylinder-like organelle that assists in chromosomal migration during mitosis.<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f53\uff1a\u5706\u67f1\u72b6\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u4e1d\u5206\u88c2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u534f\u52a9\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u8fc1\u79fb\u3002<\/p>\n
centromere: the place of attachment of the two homologous chromatids during prophase in mitosis.<\/p>\n
\u7740\u4e1d\u7c92\uff1a\u6709\u4e1d\u5206\u88c2\u524d\u671f\u4e24\u4e2a\u540c\u6e90\u67d3\u8272\u5355\u4f53\u7684\u9644\u7740\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n
cerebrum: the portion of the forebrain that controls higher mental activity, such as learning, memory, logic, creativity, and emotion.<\/p>\n
\u5927\u8111\uff1a\u63a7\u5236\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08\u5982\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u60c5\u611f\uff09\u7684\u524d\u8111\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
cervix: the opening at the lower end of the uterus.<\/p>\n
\u5b50\u5bab\u9888\uff1a\u5b50\u5bab\u4e0b\u7aef\u7684\u5f00\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n
chemiosmosis: the subdivision of cellular respiration in which the energy given off by electrons is used to pump protons across a membrane and synthesize ATP.<\/p>\n
\u5316\u5b66\u6e17\u900f\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u547c\u5438\u7684\u7ec6\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7535\u5b50\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u8d28\u5b50\u6cf5\u8fc7\u819c\u5e76\u5408\u6210ATP\u3002<\/p>\n
chemoreceptors: the specialized receptor cells that transmit smell and taste.<\/p>\n
\u5316\u5b66\u611f\u53d7\u5668\uff1a\u4f20\u9012\u6c14\u5473\u548c\u5473\u9053\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u53d7\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
chlorophyll: green pigment that makes up a photosystem that absorbs energy from the sun during photosynthesis.<\/p>\n
\u53f6\u7eff\u7d20\uff1a\u6784\u6210\u5149\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7eff\u8272\u8272\u7d20\uff0c\u5728\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5438\u6536\u592a\u9633\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n
chloroplast: an organelle within green plants in which photosynthesis occurs.<\/p>\n
\u53f6\u7eff\u4f53\uff1a\u7eff\u8272\u690d\u7269\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
chordates: animals with rods along their backs, including reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.<\/p>\n
\u810a\u7d22\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u80cc\u4e0a\u6709\u6746\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u722c\u884c\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e24\u6816\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
chromatin: compacted DNA and protein.<\/p>\n
\u67d3\u8272\u8d28\uff1a\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684DNA\u548c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
chromosomes: linear units of DNA.<\/p>\n
\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\uff1aDNA\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u5355\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
chyme: a soupy liquid formed in the stomach from the churning of the bolus with gastric juices.<\/p>\n
\u98df\u7cdc\uff1a\u98df\u7cdc\u4e0e\u80c3\u6db2\u6405\u52a8\u540e\u5728\u80c3\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7a00\u6c64\u6db2\u3002<\/p>\n
circulatory system: the transport system in animals.<\/p>\n
\u5faa\u73af\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n
class: a grouping of similar orders.<\/p>\n
\u7c7b\u522b\uff1a\u4e00\u7ec4\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8ba2\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n
cocci: spherical bacteria (singular, coccus).<\/p>\n
\u7403\u83cc\uff1a\u7403\u5f62\u7ec6\u83cc\uff08\u5947\u5f02\u7403\u83cc\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
cochlea: a snail-like series of coiled tubes within the skull that assist hearing.<\/p>\n
\u8033\u8717\uff1a\u5934\u9aa8\u5185\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8717\u725b\u7684\u87ba\u65cb\u7ba1\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u542c\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
coenzymes: organic molecules that act as cofactors, such as NAD and FAD.<\/p>\n
\u8f85\u9176\uff1a\u5145\u5f53\u8f85\u56e0\u5b50\u7684\u6709\u673a\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982NAD\u548cFAD\u3002<\/p>\n
cofactors: ions or molecules that associate with enzymes and are required for enzymatic reactions to take place.<\/p>\n
\u8f85\u56e0\u5b50\uff1a\u4e0e\u9176\u7ed3\u5408\u5e76\u53d1\u751f\u9176\u4fc3\u53cd\u5e94\u6240\u9700\u7684\u79bb\u5b50\u6216\u5206\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
commensalism: a relationship in which one population receives a benefit from an association while the other is neither benefited nor harmed.<\/p>\n
\u5171\u8c0b\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ece\u793e\u56e2\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n
community: a situation in which populations of organisms each contain a habitat and a niche.<\/p>\n
\u7fa4\u843d\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u7fa4\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6816\u606f\u5730\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
comparative anatomy: comparing the anatomical structures of modern day organisms with fossils to yield clues to the type of organisms that roamed earth long ago.<\/p>\n
\u6bd4\u8f83\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\uff1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u73b0\u4ee3\u751f\u7269\u4e0e\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u89e3\u5256\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u5f88\u4e45\u4ee5\u524d\u6f2b\u6e38\u5730\u7403\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n
comparative biochemistry: the comparison of biochemical processes of modern day organisms with fossils and ancient species; modern biochemistry indicates there is a biochemical similarity in all living things.<\/p>\n
\u6bd4\u8f83\u751f\u5316\uff1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u73b0\u4ee3\u751f\u7269\u4e0e\u5316\u77f3\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u751f\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1b\u73b0\u4ee3\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u751f\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
compound: a collection of molecules.<\/p>\n
\u5316\u5408\u7269\uff1a\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n
cone cells: cells of the eye that detect color.<\/p>\n
\u89c6\u9525\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u68c0\u6d4b\u989c\u8272\u7684\u773c\u775b\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
consumers: the organisms within an ecosystem that meet their energy needs by feeding on the producers.<\/p>\n
\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\uff1a\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u4e3a\u98df\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u80fd\u6e90\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n
decomposers: the organisms of decay; usually bacteria and fungi.<\/p>\n
\u5206\u89e3\u8005\uff1a\u8150\u70c2\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff1b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7ec6\u83cc\u548c\u771f\u83cc\u3002<\/p>\n
dendrites: the short extensions of the neuron.<\/p>\n
\u6811\u7a81\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u77ed\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002<\/p>\n
deoxyribose: the five-carbon carbohydrate attached to purine or pyrimidine bases within DNA molecules.<\/p>\n
\u8131\u6c27\u6838\u7cd6\uff1a\u9644\u7740\u5728DNA\u5206\u5b50\u5185\u560c\u5464\u6216\u5627\u5576\u78b1\u57fa\u4e0a\u7684\u4e94\u78b3\u78b3\u6c34\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
dermal tissue: the tissue that functions to protect the plant from injury and water loss and covers the outside of the plant.<\/p>\n
\u771f\u76ae\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u690d\u7269\u514d\u53d7\u4f24\u5bb3\u548c\u6c34\u5206\u6d41\u5931\u5e76\u8986\u76d6\u690d\u7269\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n
diffusion: the movement of molecules through a membrane from a region of high concentration to low concentration.<\/p>\n
\u6269\u6563\uff1a\u5206\u5b50\u4ece\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u5230\u4f4e\u6d53\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u901a\u8fc7\u819c\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
diploid cells: having two sets of chromosomes.<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u500d\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u7ec4\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
diploid nuclei: contained within a mass of cytoplasm within cellular slime molds.<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u500d\u4f53\u6838\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u7c98\u6db2\u9709\u83cc\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n
disaccharides: sugars composed of two molecules.<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u7cd6\uff1a\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7cd6\u3002<\/p>\n
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid: a double helix nucleotide molecule containing deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group; contains the genetic information from which amino acids are determined.<\/p>\n
DNA\u8131\u6c27\u6838\u7cd6\u6838\u9178\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u8131\u6c27\u6838\u7cd6\uff0c\u542b\u6c2e\u78b1\u57fa\u548c\u78f7\u9178\u57fa\u56e2\u7684\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u5206\u5b50\uff1b\u5305\u542b\u4ece\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
DNA fingerprinting: a technique that uses electrophoresis to match DNA molecules to one another for identification purposes.<\/p>\n
DNA\u6307\u7eb9\u8bc6\u522b\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u6cf3\u4f7fDNA\u5206\u5b50\u76f8\u4e92\u5339\u914d\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n
DNA polymerase: the enzyme that joins all the nucleotide components to one another to form a long strand of nucleotides.<\/p>\n
DNA\u805a\u5408\u9176\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u6210\u5206\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u5408\u5f62\u6210\u957f\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u9176\u3002<\/p>\n
DNA replication: the process by which cells replicate or synthesize their DNA; takes place during S phase of the cell division cycle.<\/p>\n
DNA\u590d\u5236\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u590d\u5236\u6216\u5408\u6210\u5176DNA\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u88c2\u5468\u671f\u7684S\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
domestic breeding: a process of directed evolution that brings about new forms that differ from ancestral stock.<\/p>\n
\u56fd\u5185\u80b2\u79cd\uff1a\u5b9a\u5411\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7956\u5148\u79cd\u7fa4\u7684\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
dominant: an allele that expresses itself.<\/p>\n
\u663e\u6027\uff1a\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n
ductless glands: glands that have no ducts, such as the endocrine glands.<\/p>\n
\u65e0\u5bfc\u7ba1\u817a\u4f53\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u5bfc\u7ba1\u7684\u817a\u4f53\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5185\u5206\u6ccc\u817a\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
duodenum: the first 10 to 12 inches of the small intestine in which most of the chemical digestion takes place.<\/p>\n
\u5341\u4e8c\u6307\u80a0\uff1a\u5c0f\u80a0\u7684\u524d10\u523012\u82f1\u5bf8\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5316\u5b66\u6d88\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
eardrum: the tympanic membrane that receives vibrations from the outer ear.<\/p>\n
\u8033\u819c\uff1a\u9f13\u819c\u53ef\u63a5\u6536\u6765\u81ea\u5916\u8033\u7684\u632f\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
ecosystems: systems formed from the interactions between communities and their physical environments.<\/p>\n
\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u7531\u793e\u533a\u53ca\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n
endosperm: the female tissue that encloses the seed within the angiosperms.<\/p>\n
\u80da\u4e73\uff1a\u5c06\u79cd\u5b50\u5305\u88f9\u5728\u88ab\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u5185\u7684\u96cc\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n
entropy: the degree of disorder or randomness of a system.<\/p>\n
\u71b5\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6216\u968f\u673a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
environmental fitness: an individual’s ability to adapt to an environment and reproduce.<\/p>\n
\u73af\u5883\u9002\u5e94\u6027\uff1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u548c\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
enzymes: proteins that catalyze the chemical reactions within cells.<\/p>\n
\u9176\uff1a\u50ac\u5316\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
eosinophils: white blood cells whose functions are uncertain.<\/p>\n
\u55dc\u9178\u6027\u7c92\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u767d\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
epididymis: the tube in which sperm cells mature.<\/p>\n
\u9644\u777e\uff1a\u7cbe\u5b50\u7ec6\u80de\u6210\u719f\u7684\u7ba1\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
epiglottis: a thin flap of tissue that folds over the opening to the mammalian trachea during swallowing and prevents food from entering the trachea.<\/p>\n
\u4f1a\u538c\uff1a\u541e\u54bd\u65f6\u5728\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u6c14\u7ba1\u5f00\u53e3\u5904\u6298\u53e0\u7684\u8584\u7ec4\u7ec7\u74e3\uff0c\u53ef\u9632\u6b62\u98df\u7269\u8fdb\u5165\u6c14\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n
epinephrine: a hormone produced in the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and the blood supply to skeletal muscle.<\/p>\n
\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\u7d20\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\u9ad3\u8d28\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6fc0\u7d20\uff0c\u53ef\u589e\u52a0\u5fc3\u7387\uff0c\u8840\u538b\u548c\u9aa8\u9abc\u808c\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u4f9b\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n
erythrocytes: the red blood cells; disk-shaped cells produced in the bone marrow that have no nucleus; their cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin to transport oxygen.<\/p>\n
\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de\uff1b\u9aa8\u9ad3\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u6838\u7684\u76d8\u72b6\u7ec6\u80de\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u4e2d\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u8840\u7ea2\u86cb\u767d\u4ee5\u8f6c\u8fd0\u6c27\u6c14\u3002<\/p>\n
erythropoietin: a hormone produced by the kidney cells that functions in the production of red blood cells.<\/p>\n
\u4fc3\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u6210\u7d20\uff1a\u80be\u7ec6\u80de\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6fc0\u7d20\uff0c\u5728\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4e2d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
esophagus: a thick-walled muscular tube located behind the windpipe that extends through the neck and chest to the stomach.<\/p>\n
\u98df\u9053\uff1a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6c14\u7ba1\u540e\u9762\u7684\u539a\u58c1\u808c\u8089\u7ba1\uff0c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u9888\u90e8\u548c\u80f8\u90e8\u5230\u8fbe\u80c3\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n
estrogen: a hormone produced by the ovaries that stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics.<\/p>\n
\u96cc\u6fc0\u7d20\uff1a\u5375\u5de2\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6fc0\u7d20\uff0c\u53ef\u523a\u6fc0\u5973\u6027\u7ee7\u53d1\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n
eubacteria: modern bacteria.<\/p>\n
\u771f\u7ec6\u83cc\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ec6\u83cc\u3002<\/p>\n
eukaryotes: cells that contain a nucleus and internal cellular bodies called organelles.<\/p>\n
\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269\uff1a\u542b\u6709\u6838\u548c\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u7ec6\u80de\u4f53\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
evolution: changes that occur within populations and organisms that make individuals able to adapt to their external environment.<\/p>\n
\u8fdb\u5316\uff1a\u5728\u79cd\u7fa4\u548c\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u5e94\u5176\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n
exergonic reaction: a chemical reaction in which energy is released.<\/p>\n
\u6fc0\u80fd\u53cd\u5e94\uff1a\u91ca\u653e\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n
exocrine glands: glands, such as the salivary glands, that deliver their enzymes via ducts.<\/p>\n
\u5916\u5206\u6ccc\u817a\uff1a\u8bf8\u5982\u553e\u6db2\u817a\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u817a\u4f53\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bfc\u7ba1\u4f20\u9012\u5176\u9176\u3002<\/p>\n
exoskeleton: the hard, protective, outer covering of arthropods and mollusks.<\/p>\n
\u5916\u9aa8\u9abc\uff1a\u8282\u80a2\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u8f6f\u4f53\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u575a\u786c\uff0c\u9632\u62a4\u6027\u7684\u5916\u58f3\u3002<\/p>\n
facilitated diffusion: the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration that is assisted by proteins.<\/p>\n
\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6269\u6563\uff1a\u501f\u52a9\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u4ece\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u5230\u4f4e\u6d53\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u8de8\u819c\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
Fallopian tubes: the passageways that egg cells enter after release from the ovaries; also called oviducts.<\/p>\n
\u8f93\u5375\u7ba1\uff1a\u5375\u5b50\u4ece\u5375\u5de2\u91ca\u653e\u540e\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u901a\u9053\uff1b\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u8f93\u5375\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n
family: similar genera classified together.<\/p>\n
\u5bb6\u65cf\uff1a\u5c06\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5c5e\u5f52\u4e3a\u4e00\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n
fats: lipids composed of a glycerol and fatty acids.<\/p>\n
\u8102\u80aa\uff1a\u7531\u7518\u6cb9\u548c\u8102\u80aa\u9178\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8102\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
fatty acids: long chains of carbon atoms with carboxyl groups at one end.<\/p>\n
\u8102\u80aa\u9178\uff1a\u4e00\u7aef\u5e26\u6709\u7fa7\u57fa\u7684\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u957f\u94fe\u3002<\/p>\n
feeding pattern: the pattern in which animals obtain their nutrients.<\/p>\n
\u5582\u517b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u52a8\u7269\u83b7\u53d6\u8425\u517b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
fermentation: an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available; occurs in yeast cells.<\/p>\n
\u53d1\u9175\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u6c27\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u6c27\u6c14\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u8461\u8404\u7cd6\u91ca\u653e\u80fd\u91cf\uff1b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u9175\u6bcd\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
genus: a grouping of similar species (plural, genera).<\/p>\n
\u5c5e\uff1a\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u7269\u79cd\uff08\u590d\u6570\uff0c\u5c5e\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
geographic distribution: the distribution of species in geographical areas.<\/p>\n
\u5730\u7406\u5206\u5e03\uff1a\u7269\u79cd\u5728\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/p>\n
geotropism: the turning of a plant away from or toward the earth.<\/p>\n
\u5730\u7f18\u6027\uff1a\u690d\u7269\u8fdc\u79bb\u6216\u8f6c\u5411\u5730\u7403\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n
glial cells: the cells of the nervous system that support, protect, and nourish the neurons.<\/p>\n
\u80f6\u8d28\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u6ecb\u517b\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
glomerulus: a ball of capillaries that comprises Bowman’s capsule in the human kidney.<\/p>\n
\u80be\u5c0f\u7403\uff1a\u6bdb\u7ec6\u8840\u7ba1\u7403\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u80be\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u9c8d\u66fc\u6c0f\u56ca\u3002<\/p>\n
glottis: a slitlike structure at the opening to the mammalian trachea.<\/p>\n
\u58f0\u95e8\uff1a\u5728\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u6c14\u7ba1\u5f00\u53e3\u5904\u7684\u7f1d\u72b6\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
glucagon: a hormone produced in the pancreas that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.<\/p>\n
\u80f0\u9ad8\u8840\u7cd6\u7d20\uff1a\u80f0\u810f\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6fc0\u7d20\uff0c\u53ef\u523a\u6fc0\u809d\u7cd6\u539f\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u8461\u8404\u7cd6\u3002<\/p>\n
haploid: cells containing one copy of each chromosome.<\/p>\n
\u5355\u500d\u4f53\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u526f\u672c\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
hemoglobin: a red pigment that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules and carries them through the bloodstream.<\/p>\n
\u8840\u7ea2\u86cb\u767d\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u7ea2\u8272\u7d20\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5408\u6c27\u6c14\u548c\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u5206\u5b50\u5e76\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u8840\u6d41\u3002<\/p>\n
herbivores: animals that eat plants.<\/p>\n
\u8349\u98df\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u5403\u690d\u7269\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
heterotrophic: species that acquire food from organic matter.<\/p>\n
\u5f02\u517b\u6027\uff1a\u4ece\u6709\u673a\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u98df\u7269\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n
heterozygous: two different alleles that are present for a particular characteristic.<\/p>\n
\u6742\u5408\u5b50\uff1a\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u7279\u5f81\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n
hindbrain: the portion of the brain that consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.<\/p>\n
\u540e\u8111\uff1a\u7531\u9ad3\u8d28\uff0c\u8111\u6865\u548c\u5c0f\u8111\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5927\u8111\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
histones: nuclear proteins that coil DNA molecules.<\/p>\n
\u7ec4\u86cb\u767d\uff1a\u7f20\u7ed5DNA\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6838\u86cb\u767d\u3002<\/p>\n
homeostasis: the process in which the internal environment exists at a steady-state equilibrium despite changes in the external environment.<\/p>\n
\u7a33\u6001\uff1a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5185\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u7a33\u6001\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
homeothermic: animals that can maintain a constant body temperature.<\/p>\n
\u4f53\u6e29\u7597\u6cd5\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u6052\u5b9a\u4f53\u6e29\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
homozygous: two identical alleles that are present for a particular characteristic.<\/p>\n
\u7eaf\u5408\u5b50\uff1a\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u7279\u5f81\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n
hormones: biochemical substances produced within plant or animal cells, or glands, that exert a particular effect.<\/p>\n
\u6fc0\u7d20\uff1a\u5728\u690d\u7269\u6216\u52a8\u7269\u7ec6\u80de\u6216\u817a\u4f53\u5185\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u751f\u5316\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
hydrostatic skeleton: a water-based skeleton present in many animals (such as the earthworm) that lack structures, such as bone, for muscles to pull against.<\/p>\n
\u9759\u6c34\u9aa8\u67b6\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u52a8\u7269\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8f6f\u4f53\u866b\uff09\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6c34\u57fa\u9aa8\u67b6\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u9aa8\u9abc\u7b49\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u808c\u8089\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f9d\u9760\u3002<\/p>\n
hypothalamus: the portion of the forebrain that serves as the control center for hunger, thirst, body temperature, and blood pressure.<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u4e18\u8111\uff1a\u524d\u8111\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7528\u4f5c\u9965\u997f\uff0c\u53e3\u6e34\uff0c\u4f53\u6e29\u548c\u8840\u538b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n
ileum: the final 12 feet of the small intestine.<\/p>\n
\u56de\u80a0\uff1a\u6700\u540e\u5341\u4e8c\u82f1\u5c3a\u7684\u5c0f\u80a0\u3002<\/p>\n
immune response: the stimulation of B and T lymphocytes.<\/p>\n
\u514d\u75ab\u53cd\u5e94\uff1a\u523a\u6fc0B\u548cT\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
incomplete dominance: an allele combination in which two characteristics blend and both alleles can express themselves; one example is red, white, and pink snapdragons.<\/p>\n
\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4f18\u52bf\uff1a\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u878d\u5408\u5e76\u4e14\u4e24\u4e2a\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\uff1b \u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u7ea2\u8272\uff0c\u767d\u8272\u548c\u7c89\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u91d1\u9c7c\u8349\u3002<\/p>\n
inner cell mass: a group of cells that continues to develop at one end of the blastocyst.<\/p>\n
\u5185\u90e8\u7ec6\u80de\u56e2\uff1a\u5728\u80da\u6ce1\u4e00\u7aef\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
interneuron: a type of neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons and carries stimuli in the brain and spinal cord.<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u95f4\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u8fde\u63a5\u611f\u89c9\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u5e76\u5728\u5927\u8111\u548c\u810a\u9ad3\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n
jejunum: the second 10 inches of the small intestine.<\/p>\n
\u7a7a\u80a0\uff1a\u5c0f\u80a0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a10\u82f1\u5bf8\u3002<\/p>\n
kinetochore: a region of DNA that has remained undivided during prophase of mitosis; binds to the spindle fibers that eventually pull apart the sister chromatids.<\/p>\n
\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\uff1a\u5728\u6709\u4e1d\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u524d\u671f\u672a\u5206\u88c2\u7684DNA\u533a\u57df\uff1b \u4e0e\u7eba\u9524\u4e1d\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u59d0\u59b9\u67d3\u8272\u5355\u4f53\u5206\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n
kingdom: the largest and broadest category of the classification system.<\/p>\n
\u738b\u56fd\uff1a\u5206\u7c7b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u548c\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n
Krebs cycle: the subdivision of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down and the energy in its molecules is used to form high-energy compounds.<\/p>\n
\u514b\u96f7\u5e03\u65af\u5faa\u73af\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u547c\u5438\u7684\u7ec6\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e19\u916e\u9178\u88ab\u5206\u89e3\uff0c\u5176\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u7528\u4e8e\u5f62\u6210\u9ad8\u80fd\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
larynx: the voice box of mammals, formed from several folds of cartilage at the upper end of the trachea.<\/p>\n
\u5589\uff1a\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u76d2\uff0c\u7531\u6c14\u7ba1\u4e0a\u7aef\u7684\u51e0\u5c42\u8f6f\u9aa8\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n
left atrium: the chamber of the human heart that receives oxygen-rich blood via the pulmonary vein.<\/p>\n
\u5de6\u5fc3\u623f\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u80ba\u9759\u8109\u63a5\u6536\u5bcc\u6c27\u8840\u6db2\u7684\u4eba\u5fc3\u810f\u8154\u3002<\/p>\n
left ventricle: the chamber of the human heart in which oxygen-rich blood enters through the bicuspid valve that leads into the aorta.<\/p>\n
\u5de6\u5fc3\u5ba4\uff1a\u4eba\u5fc3\u810f\u7684\u8154\u5ba4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5bcc\u6c27\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u901a\u8fc7\u4e8c\u5c16\u74e3\u8fdb\u5165\u4e3b\u52a8\u8109\u3002<\/p>\n
lysosome: an organelle within eukaryotic cells; a drop like sac filled with enzymes used for digestion within the cell.<\/p>\n
\u6eb6\u9176\u4f53\uff1a\u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\uff1b \u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u6d88\u5316\u7684\u9176\u7684\u6db2\u6ef4\u72b6\u56ca\u3002<\/p>\n
mammals: milk-producing animals.<\/p>\n
\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u4ea7\u5976\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
marsupials: the mammals whose embryos develop within the mother’s uterus for a short period of time before birth.<\/p>\n
\u6709\u888b\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u5728\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u7684\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u80da\u80ce\u5728\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5b50\u5bab\u5185\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
medulla: the inner portion of the adrenal glands; a swelling at the tip of the hindbrain that serves as the passageway for nerves extending to and from the brain.<\/p>\n
\u5ef6\u9ad3\uff1a\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\u7684\u5185\u90e8\uff1b \u540e\u8111\u5c16\u7aef\u7684\u80bf\u80c0\uff0c\u662f\u8fdb\u5165\u548c\u79bb\u5f00\u5927\u8111\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7684\u901a\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n
meiosis: the process by which the chromosome number is halved during gamete formation.<\/p>\n
\u51cf\u6570\u5206\u88c2\uff1a\u914d\u5b50\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u6570\u76ee\u51cf\u534a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
menstruation: the process by which the endometrium is released in females.<\/p>\n
\u6708\u7ecf\uff1a\u5973\u6027\u5b50\u5bab\u5185\u819c\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
meristematic tissue: the growth tissue; the location of most cell division of vascular plants.<\/p>\n
\u5206\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff1a\u751f\u957f\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff1b \u7ef4\u7ba1\u690d\u7269\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n
mesoderm: one of three germ layers that develops to become the muscles and other internal organs.<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u80da\u5c42\uff1a\u53d1\u80b2\u6210\u808c\u8089\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u90e8\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u80da\u5c42\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n
metabolism: the rapid turnover of chemical materials; involves the release or use of chemical energy.<\/p>\n
\u4ee3\u8c22\uff1a\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u5468\u8f6c\uff1b \u6d89\u53ca\u91ca\u653e\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u5316\u5b66\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
metaphase: the stage during mitosis in which the pairs of chromatids line up on the equatorial plate.<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u671f\uff1a\u6709\u4e1d\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6210\u5bf9\u7684\u67d3\u8272\u5355\u4f53\u5728\u8d64\u9053\u677f\u4e0a\u6392\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n
nerve chord: also called a spinal cord; a hollow structure that extends the length of the animal just above the notochord.<\/p>\n
\u795e\u7ecf\u5f26\uff1a\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u810a\u9ad3\uff1b \u4e00\u79cd\u4e2d\u7a7a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u6b63\u5f26\u4e0a\u65b9\u5ef6\u4f38\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
nerve impulse: an electrochemical event that occurs within the neuron.<\/p>\n
\u795e\u7ecf\u51b2\u52a8\uff1a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u5185\u7684\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n
nerve roots: the 31 pairs of projections that extend out along each side of the spinal cord; the sites of axons of the sensory and motor neurons.<\/p>\n
\u795e\u7ecf\u6839\uff1a\u6cbf\u7740\u810a\u9ad3\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4fa7\u5ef6\u4f38\u768431\u5bf9\u7a81\u8d77\uff1b \u611f\u89c9\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u8f74\u7a81\u90e8\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
nerves: bundles of axons bound together.<\/p>\n
\u795e\u7ecf\uff1a\u6210\u675f\u7684\u8f74\u7a81\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n
neuroglia: the glial cells together with the extracellular tissue.<\/p>\n
\u795e\u7ecf\u80f6\u8d28\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u80f6\u8d28\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n
neuron: a nerve cell.<\/p>\n
\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
neurotransmitter: a chemical substance that accumulates in the synapse and increases the membrane permeability of the next dendrite.<\/p>\n
\u795e\u7ecf\u9012\u8d28\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u7a81\u89e6\u4e2d\u79ef\u805a\u5e76\u589e\u52a0\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6811\u7a81\u7684\u819c\u901a\u900f\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
neutrophils: the white blood cells that function in phagocytosis.<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u6027\u7c92\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u5728\u541e\u566c\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u767d\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
olfactory nerve: the nerve that carries the impulse from the nose to the brain for interpretation.<\/p>\n
\u55c5\u89c9\u795e\u7ecf\uff1a\u5c06\u51b2\u52a8\u4ece\u9f3b\u5b50\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u5927\u8111\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u3002<\/p>\n
omnivores: animals that consume both plants and animals.<\/p>\n
\u6742\u98df\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u65e2\u6d88\u8017\u690d\u7269\u53c8\u6d88\u8017\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
oocytes: the developed oogonia in a female after the age of puberty.<\/p>\n
\u5375\u6bcd\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u9752\u6625\u671f\u540e\u5973\u6027\u4f53\u5185\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u5375\u6bcd\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
oogonia: primitive egg cells that accumulate in the ovaries before a female is born.<\/p>\n
\u5375\u5b50\uff1a\u539f\u59cb\u5375\u7ec6\u80de\u5728\u5973\u6027\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u5728\u5375\u5de2\u4e2d\u79ef\u7d2f\u3002<\/p>\n
optic nerve: the nerve that carries impulses from the eye to the brain.<\/p>\n
\u89c6\u795e\u7ecf\uff1a\u5c06\u8109\u51b2\u4ece\u773c\u775b\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u5927\u8111\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u3002<\/p>\n
order: a grouping of similar families.<\/p>\n
\u987a\u5e8f\uff1a\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n
organelles: microscopic bodies within the cytoplasm that perform distinct functions.<\/p>\n
\u7ec6\u80de\u5668\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u5185\u6267\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7269\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
osmosis: the movement of water molecules across a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.<\/p>\n
\u6e17\u900f\uff1a\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u4ece\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u5230\u4f4e\u6d53\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u8de8\u819c\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
paleontology: the science of locating, cataloging, and interpreting the life forms that existed in past millennia.<\/p>\n
\u53e4\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff1a\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u5206\u7c7b\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd1\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n
pancreas: a large, glandular organ lying near the stomach that produces many of the enzymes used to digest food.<\/p>\n
\u80f0\u817a\uff1a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u80c3\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5927\u7684\u817a\u4f53\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u8bb8\u591a\u7528\u4e8e\u6d88\u5316\u98df\u7269\u7684\u9176\u3002<\/p>\n
parasites: organisms that attack living things and cause disease.<\/p>\n
\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\uff1a\u653b\u51fb\u751f\u7269\u5e76\u5f15\u8d77\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
parasitism: a type of symbiosis in which one population benefits while the other is harmed.<\/p>\n
\u5bc4\u751f\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u751f\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53e3\u53d7\u76ca\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4eba\u53e3\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n
parasympathetic nervous system: a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to normal after an emergency.<\/p>\n
\u526f\u4ea4\u611f\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u81ea\u4e3b\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5728\u7d27\u6025\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4f7f\u8eab\u4f53\u6062\u590d\u6b63\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n
parathyroid glands: glands located on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone.<\/p>\n
\u7532\u72b6\u65c1\u817a\uff1a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u540e\u8868\u9762\u7684\u817a\u4f53\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u7532\u72b6\u65c1\u817a\u6fc0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n
pathogenic: organisms that cause human disease.<\/p>\n
\u81f4\u75c5\u7684\uff1a\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
PCR: polymerase chain reaction; a technique used to amplify a gene of interest.<\/p>\n
PCR\uff1a\u805a\u5408\u9176\u94fe\u53cd\u5e94\uff1b \u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u6269\u589e\u76ee\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n
plant hormones: hormones that regulate the growth and development of many plants.<\/p>\n
\u690d\u7269\u6fc0\u7d20\uff1a\u8c03\u8282\u8bb8\u591a\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u6fc0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n
plasma: a straw-colored liquid composed primarily of water; the fluid portion of blood.<\/p>\n
\u8840\u6d46\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6c34\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7a3b\u8349\u8272\u6db2\u4f53\uff1b \u8840\u6db2\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
plasma cells: large antibody-producing cells derived from B lymphocytes when stimulated.<\/p>\n
\u6d46\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u53d7\u523a\u6fc0\u65f6\u6e90\u81eaB\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u5927\u578b\u6297\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
plasma membrane: also called a cell membrane; a membrane composed of lipids, proteins, and phospholipids.<\/p>\n
\u8d28\u819c\uff1a\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\uff1b \u7531\u8102\u8d28\uff0c\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u548c\u78f7\u8102\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u819c\u3002<\/p>\n
plasmid: small circular DNA molecules often used as vectors to transform specific genes into cells.<\/p>\n
\u8d28\u7c92\uff1a\u5c0f\u7684\u73af\u72b6DNA\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4f5c\u5c06\u7279\u5b9a\u57fa\u56e0\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u8f7d\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
platelets: small disk-shaped blood fragments produced in the bone marrow that serve as the starting material for blood clotting.<\/p>\n
\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\uff1a\u5728\u9aa8\u9ad3\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5c0f\u76d8\u72b6\u8840\u6db2\u788e\u7247\uff0c\u662f\u8840\u6db2\u51dd\u7ed3\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u7269\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
polygenic inheritance: the condition in which some characteristics are determined by an interaction of genes on several chromosomes or at several places on one chromosome; one example is human skin color.<\/p>\n
\u591a\u57fa\u56e0\u9057\u4f20\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u4e2a\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u4e0a\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u4e0a\u591a\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b \u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u80a4\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n
recessive: the allele overshadowed by the dominant allele.<\/p>\n
\u9690\u6027\uff1a\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u88ab\u663e\u6027\u7b49\u4f4d\u57fa\u56e0\u6240\u906e\u76d6\u3002<\/p>\n
recombinant DNA: DNA molecules that have been altered in some way during the process of genetic engineering or biotechnology.<\/p>\n
\u91cd\u7ec4DNA\uff1a\u5728\u57fa\u56e0\u5de5\u7a0b\u6216\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6539\u53d8\u7684DNA\u5206\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
red blood cells: also known as erythrocytes; cells that contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen.<\/p>\n
\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de\uff1b\u542b\u6709\u8840\u7ea2\u86cb\u767d\u6765\u8fd0\u8f93\u6c27\u6c14\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
reflex arc: the simplest unit of nervous activity; involved in the detection of a stimulus in the environment by sensory nerve endings, followed by impulses that travel via the sensory neurons to the spinal cord.<\/p>\n
\u53cd\u5c04\u5f27\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u5355\u4f4d\uff1b\u53c2\u4e0e\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u89c9\u795e\u7ecf\u672b\u68a2\u68c0\u6d4b\u73af\u5883\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u611f\u89c9\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u5230\u8fbe\u810a\u9ad3\u7684\u51b2\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
renal arteries: arteries in which blood enters the kidney.<\/p>\n
\u80be\u52a8\u8109\uff1a\u8840\u6db2\u8fdb\u5165\u80be\u810f\u7684\u52a8\u8109\u3002<\/p>\n
renal veins: veins in which blood exits the kidney.<\/p>\n
\u80be\u9759\u8109\uff1a\u8840\u6db2\u4ece\u80be\u810f\u6392\u51fa\u7684\u9759\u8109\u3002<\/p>\n
responsiveness: the ability of living things to respond to stimuli in the external environment.<\/p>\n
\u53cd\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u5bf9\u5916\u754c\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
resting potential: the inactive state of a neuron in which the cytoplasm is negatively charged with respect to the outside of the cell.<\/p>\n
\u9759\u606f\u7535\u4f4d\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u975e\u6d3b\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u5916\u90e8\u5e26\u8d1f\u7535\u3002<\/p>\n
restriction enzymes: catalyze the opening of a DNA molecule at a “restriction” point; many leave dangling ends of DNA molecules at the point where the DNA has been opened.<\/p>\n
\u9650\u5236\u9176\uff1a\u5728\u201c\u9650\u5236\u201d\u70b9\u50ac\u5316DNA\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5f00\u653e\uff1b\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u6253\u5f00DNA\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u60ac\u7a7a\u7684DNA\u5206\u5b50\u672b\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n
retina: a single layer containing nerve cells within the eye.<\/p>\n
\u89c6\u7f51\u819c\uff1a\u773c\u5185\u542b\u6709\u795e\u7ecf\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u5355\u5c42\u3002<\/p>\n
RNA: ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid produced during transcription that is complementary to a DNA strand; similar to DNA in structure but contains the carbohydrate ribose and the pyrimidine uracil rather than thymine.<\/p>\n
RNA\uff1a\u6838\u7cd6\u6838\u9178\uff1b \u5728\u8f6c\u5f55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e0eDNA\u94fe\u4e92\u8865\u7684\u6838\u9178\uff1b \u4e0eDNA\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u542b\u6709\u78b3\u6c34\u5316\u5408\u7269\u6838\u7cd6\u548c\u5627\u5576\u5c3f\u5627\u5576\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u80f8\u817a\u5627\u5576\u3002<\/p>\n
RNA polymerase: the enzyme that moves along the DNA strand, reads the nucleotides one by one, and synthesizes a complementary mRNA molecule according to the principle of complementary base pairing.<\/p>\n
RNA\u805a\u5408\u9176\uff1a\u6cbf\u7740DNA\u94fe\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u9010\u4e00\u8bfb\u53d6\u6838\u82f7\u9178\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u4e92\u8865\u78b1\u57fa\u914d\u5bf9\u539f\u7406\u5408\u6210\u4e92\u8865mRNA\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u9176\u3002<\/p>\n
rod cells: the cells of the eye that permit vision in dim light.<\/p>\n
\u6746\u72b6\u7ec6\u80de\uff1a\u773c\u775b\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u660f\u6697\u7684\u5149\u7ebf\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u89c6\u89c9\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n
roots: the structures of vascular plants that anchor them to the ground and take in water and minerals from the soil.<\/p>\n
\u6839\uff1a\u7ef4\u7ba1\u675f\u690d\u7269\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u951a\u5b9a\u5728\u5730\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u571f\u58e4\u4e2d\u5438\u6536\u6c34\u548c\u77ff\u7269\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
rough endoplasmic reticulum ER: studded with ribosomes; the site of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.<\/p>\n
\u7c97\u9762\u5185\u8d28\u7f51ER\uff1a\u6563\u5e03\u7740\u6838\u7cd6\u4f53\uff1b \u771f\u6838\u7ec6\u80de\u4e2d\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5408\u6210\u7684\u4f4d\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
salivary glands: the parotid glands, the submaxillary glands, and the sublingual glands that secrete saliva into the mouth.<\/p>\n
\u553e\u6db2\u817a\uff1a\u5c06\u553e\u6db2\u5206\u6ccc\u5230\u53e3\u8154\u4e2d\u7684\u816e\u817a\uff0c\u988c\u4e0b\u817a\u548c\u820c\u4e0b\u817a\u3002<\/p>\n
sarcolemma: the muscle cell membrane.<\/p>\n
\u808c\u819c\uff1a\u808c\u7ec6\u80de\u819c\u3002<\/p>\n
sarcomere: the functional unit of the muscle that contains thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments.<\/p>\n
\u808c\u8282\uff1a\u808c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7ec6\u808c\u52a8\u86cb\u767d\u4e1d\u548c\u7c97\u808c\u7403\u86cb\u767d\u4e1d\u3002<\/p>\n
scientific method: an orderly process of gaining information about the biological world.<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u83b7\u5f97\u6709\u5173\u751f\u7269\u4e16\u754c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
scrotum: a pouch outside the male body that contains the testes.<\/p>\n
\u9634\u56ca\uff1a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7537\u6027\u4f53\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56ca\u888b\uff0c\u5185\u6709\u777e\u4e38\u3002<\/p>\n
secretin: a hormone produced by digestive glands that influences digestive processes.<\/p>\n
\u5206\u6ccc\u7d20\uff1a\u7531\u6d88\u5316\u817a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6d88\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6fc0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n
seedless: vascular plants the division Pteridophyta that includes the ferns.<\/p>\n
\u65e0\u6838\u7684\uff1a\u7ef4\u7ba1\u675f\u690d\u7269\u8568\u7c7b\u690d\u7269\u8568\u7c7b\u690d\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
semen: a fluid secretion containing sperm and secretions from the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and Cowper’s glands.<\/p>\n
\u7cbe\u6db2\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u6db2\u4f53\u5206\u6ccc\u7269\uff0c\u542b\u6709\u7cbe\u5b50\u548c\u524d\u5217\u817a\uff0c\u7cbe\u56ca\u548c\u8003\u73c0\u6c0f\u817a\u7684\u5206\u6ccc\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
semilunar: valves two valves found in the pulmonary artery and the aorta.<\/p>\n
\u534a\u6708\u74e3\uff1a\u5728\u80ba\u52a8\u8109\u548c\u4e3b\u52a8\u8109\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e24\u4e2a\u74e3\u819c\u3002<\/p>\n
seminiferous: tubules coiled passageways in which sperm production takes place.<\/p>\n
\u66f2\u7ec6\u7cbe\u7ba1\uff1a\u5c0f\u7ba1\u76d8\u7ed5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u7cbe\u5b50\u4ea7\u751f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
sensory neurons: neurons that receive stimuli from the external environment.<\/p>\n
\u611f\u89c9\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff1a\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u63a5\u53d7\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n
S phase: the phase within the cell division cycle in which DNA is replicated.<\/p>\n
S\u671f\uff1a\u7ec6\u80de\u5206\u88c2\u5468\u671f\u4e2d\u590d\u5236DNA\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n
spinal cord: the white cord of tissue passing through the bony tunnel made by the vertebrae.<\/p>\n
\u810a\u9ad3\uff1a\u7a7f\u8fc7\u690e\u9aa8\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u9aa8\u96a7\u9053\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u767d\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n
spiracles: a series of openings on the body surface of terrestrial arthropods that open into tiny air tubes that assist in gas exchange.<\/p>\n
\u6c14\u5b54\uff1a\u9646\u751f\u8282\u80a2\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5f00\u53e3\uff0c\u901a\u5411\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6c14\u4f53\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u7a7a\u6c14\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n
spirilla: flexible spiral bacteria (singular, spirillum).<\/p>\n
\u87ba\u65cb\u85fb\uff1a\u67d4\u97e7\u7684\u87ba\u65cb\u7ec6\u83cc\uff08\u5947\u5f02\u7684\uff0c\u87ba\u65cb\u85fb\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
spirochetes: rigid spiral bacteria.<\/p>\n
\u87ba\u65cb\u4f53\uff1a\u575a\u786c\u7684\u87ba\u65cb\u7ec6\u83cc\u3002<\/p>\n
spleen: the site where red blood cells are destroyed; a reserve blood supply for the body.<\/p>\n
\u813e\u810f\uff1a\u7ea2\u7ec6\u80de\u88ab\u7834\u574f\u7684\u90e8\u4f4d\uff1b \u4e3a\u8eab\u4f53\u50a8\u5907\u8840\u6db2\u3002<\/p>\n
stamen: the structure of a flower that contains a thin, stemlike filament and an anther.<\/p>\n
\u96c4\u854a\uff1a\u82b1\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7ec6\u7684\u830e\u72b6\u82b1\u4e1d\u548c\u82b1\u836f\u3002<\/p>\n
stomata: the pores within leaves surrounded by guard cells that regulate the rate of gas exchange, which regulates the rate of photosynthesis. (Singular, stoma.)<\/p>\n
\u6c14\u5b54\uff1a\u88ab\u4fdd\u62a4\u7ec6\u80de\u56f4\u7ed5\u7684\u53f6\u5b50\u5185\u7684\u5b54\uff0c\u8c03\u8282\u6c14\u4f53\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u901f\u7387\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8c03\u8282\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u901f\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
striated muscle: skeletal muscle fiber that appears to be banded due to the presence of overlapping actin and myosin filaments; also called voluntary muscle.<\/p>\n
\u6a2a\u7eb9\u808c\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u808c\u52a8\u86cb\u767d\u548c\u808c\u7403\u86cb\u767d\u4e1d\u91cd\u53e0\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9aa8\u9abc\u808c\u7ea4\u7ef4\uff1b \u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u81ea\u613f\u6027\u808c\u8089\u3002<\/p>\n
substrate: the substance changed or acted on by an enzyme.<\/p>\n
\u5e95\u7269\uff1a\u88ab\u9176\u6539\u53d8\u6216\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
telophase: a phase during mitosis in which the chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles of the cell.<\/p>\n
\u672b\u671f\uff1a\u6709\u4e1d\u5206\u88c2\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u5230\u8fbe\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u4e24\u6781\u3002<\/p>\n
telophase I: the phase during meiosis in which the nucleus reorganizes as the chromosomes become chromatin; cytoplasmic division takes place, resulting in two cells.<\/p>\n
\u7aef\u7c92\u671fI\uff1a\u51cf\u6570\u5206\u200b\u200b\u88c2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u53d8\u6210\u67d3\u8272\u8d28\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u6838\u91cd\u7ec4\u3002\u53d1\u751f\u7ec6\u80de\u8d28\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec6\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n
telophase II: the phase during meiosis II in which the chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells and form a mass of chromatin; the nuclear envelope develops, the nucleoli reappear, and the cells undergo cytokinesis.<\/p>\n
\u672b\u671fII\uff1a\u51cf\u6570\u5206\u200b\u200b\u88c2II\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d3\u8272\u4f53\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u5927\u91cf\u67d3\u8272\u8d28\u3002\u6838\u88ab\u819c\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u6838\u4ec1\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u8fdb\u884c\u80de\u8d28\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n
tendons: the connective tissue by which muscles are attached to bones.<\/p>\n
\u808c\u8171\uff1a\u808c\u8089\u9644\u7740\u4e8e\u9aa8\u9abc\u7684\u7ed3\u7f14\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n
testes: endocrine glands that secrete androgens; the male reproductive organs located in the scrotum.<\/p>\n
\u777e\u4e38\uff1a\u5206\u6ccc\u96c4\u6fc0\u7d20\u7684\u5185\u5206\u6ccc\u817a\uff1b\u4f4d\u4e8e\u9634\u56ca\u7684\u96c4\u6027\u751f\u6b96\u5668\u5b98\u3002<\/p>\n
thalamus: a portion of the forebrain that integrates sensory impulses.<\/p>\n
\u4e18\u8111\uff1a\u524d\u81c2\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6574\u5408\u4e86\u611f\u89c9\u51b2\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
theory: a hypothesis that is confirmed through repeated experimentation.<\/p>\n
\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u590d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n
thrombocytes: the starting material for blood clotting; also called platelets.<\/p>\n
\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\uff1a\u51dd\u8840\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u539f\u6599\uff1b\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u8840\u5c0f\u677f\u3002<\/p>\n
thylakoids: membranes that make up the grana in chloroplasts; the actual site of photosynthesis within chloroplasts.<\/p>\n
\u7c7b\u56ca\u4f53\uff1a\u5728\u53f6\u7eff\u4f53\u4e2d\u6784\u6210\u9897\u7c92\u7684\u819c\uff1b\u53f6\u7eff\u4f53\u4e2d\u5149\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n
thymosins: hormones secreted by the thymus gland that influence the development of the T lymphocytes of the immune system.<\/p>\n
\u80f8\u817a\u7d20\uff1a\u7531\u80f8\u817a\u5206\u6ccc\u7684\u6fc0\u7d20\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u514d\u75ab\u7cfb\u7edfT\u6dcb\u5df4\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n
thymus gland: an endocrine gland in the neck tissues that secretes thymosins.<\/p>\n
\u80f8\u817a\uff1a\u5728\u9888\u90e8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u5206\u6ccc\u80f8\u817a\u7d20\u7684\u5185\u5206\u6ccc\u817a\u3002<\/p>\n
tropism: the bending or turning response of a plant caused by external stimuli.<\/p>\n
\u8d8b\u5411\u6027\uff1a\u7531\u5916\u90e8\u523a\u6fc0\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u690d\u7269\u7684\u5f2f\u66f2\u6216\u8f6c\u5411\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n
turgor pressure: the pressure exerted on a plant’s guard cells to open.<\/p>\n
\u81a8\u80c0\u538b\u529b\uff1a\u65bd\u52a0\u5728\u690d\u7269\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u7ec6\u80de\u4e0a\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
umbilical cord: the source of attachment of the fetus to the maternal blood supply.<\/p>\n
\u8110\u5e26\uff1a\u80ce\u513f\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u6bcd\u4f53\u8840\u6db2\u4f9b\u5e94\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n
urea: a component of urine that results from amino acid breakdown in the liver.<\/p>\n
\u5c3f\u7d20\uff1a\u5c3f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u7531\u809d\u810f\u4e2d\u7684\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u5206\u89e3\u4ea7\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n
ureters: tubes that carry waste from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or release.<\/p>\n
\u8f93\u5c3f\u7ba1\uff1a\u5c06\u5e9f\u7269\u4ece\u80be\u810f\u8fd0\u9001\u5230\u8180\u80f1\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u50a8\u5b58\u6216\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u5bfc\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n
urethra: the path in which urine flows from the bladder to the exterior; the tube within the penis that carries the sperm.<\/p>\n
\u5c3f\u9053\uff1a\u5c3f\u6db2\u4ece\u8180\u80f1\u6d41\u5230\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff1b \u9634\u830e\u5185\u5e26\u6709\u7cbe\u5b50\u7684\u7ba1\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
uric acid: a component of urine that results from nucleic acid breakdown.<\/p>\n
\u5c3f\u9178\uff1a\u6838\u9178\u5206\u89e3\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5c3f\u6db2\u6210\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n
urinary bladder: the site where waste products are shipped from the kidney for storage or for release.<\/p>\n
\u8180\u80f1\uff1a\u4ece\u80be\u810f\u8fd0\u9001\u5e9f\u7269\u4ee5\u50a8\u5b58\u6216\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n
urine: the product of the kidney; a watery solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds, uric acid, and urea.<\/p>\n
\u5c3f\u6db2\uff1a\u80be\u810f\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff1b \u5e9f\u54c1\uff0c\u76d0\uff0c\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u5c3f\u9178\u548c\u5c3f\u7d20\u7684\u6c34\u6eb6\u6db2\u3002<\/p>\n
vascular: plants with unprotected seeds gymnosperms; vascular plants that contain naked seeds, such as the conifers.<\/p>\n
\u8840\u7ba1\uff1a\u88f8\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u79cd\u5b50\u4e0d\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u690d\u7269\uff1b \u542b\u6709\u88f8\u9732\u79cd\u5b50\u7684\u7ef4\u7ba1\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9488\u53f6\u6811\u3002<\/p>\n
vectors: the carriers of DNA genes to be inserted into cells.<\/p>\n
\u8f7d\u4f53\uff1a\u8981\u63d2\u5165\u7ec6\u80de\u7684DNA\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u8f7d\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
veins: channels through which fluid flows toward the heart.<\/p>\n
\u9759\u8109\uff1a\u6d41\u4f53\u6d41\u7ecf\u5fc3\u810f\u7684\u901a\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n
vena cava: the major vein in the human heart; pumps oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium.<\/p>\n
\u8154\u9759\u8109\uff1a\u4eba\u5fc3\u810f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9759\u8109\uff1b \u5c06\u8d2b\u6c27\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u6cf5\u5165\u53f3\u5fc3\u623f\u3002<\/p>\n
ventricle: a pumping chamber for blood to exit from the heart.<\/p>\n
\u5fc3\u5ba4\uff1a\u8840\u6db2\u4ece\u5fc3\u810f\u6d41\u51fa\u7684\u6cf5\u8154\u3002<\/p>\n
vertebrates: animals with backbones.<\/p>\n
\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u6709\u9aa8\u5e72\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
vessels: the main conducting vessels of the xylem found in the angiosperms.<\/p>\n
\u8840\u7ba1\uff1a\u88ab\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u4e2d\u6728\u8d28\u90e8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f20\u5bfc\u8840\u7ba1\u3002<\/p>\n
virus: fragments of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; may attack cells and replicate within the cells, destroying them.<\/p>\n
\u75c5\u6bd2\uff1a\u88ab\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5916\u58f3\u5305\u88f9\u7684\u6838\u9178\u7247\u6bb5\uff1b \u53ef\u80fd\u653b\u51fb\u7ec6\u80de\u5e76\u5728\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n
vitamins: organic nutrients essential in trace amounts to the health of animals.<\/p>\n
\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20\uff1a\u5fae\u91cf\u5143\u7d20\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u5065\u5eb7\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n
xylem: the structure of vascular plants that conducts water and minerals upward from the roots.<\/p>\n
\u6728\u8d28\u90e8\uff1a\u4ece\u6839\u90e8\u5411\u4e0a\u4f20\u5bfc\u6c34\u548c\u77ff\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7ef4\u7ba1\u690d\u7269\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
zygote: a fertilized egg cell, which is diploid.<\/p>\n
\u5408\u5b50\uff1a\u53d7\u7cbe\u5375\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u662f\u4e8c\u500d\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u751f\u7269Biology\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6709\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u60f3\u5bfb\u6c42\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b66\u672f\u5e2e\u52a9\uff1f\u6b22\u8fce\u8054\u7cfbStudyGate\uff0c\u5404\u7c7b\u7406\u5de5\u5546\u79d1\u5199\u4f5c\u7b54\u7591\u89e3\u60d1\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u7559\u5b66\u4e4b\u8def\u503e\u60c5\u52a9\u529b\uff01<\/p>\n
StudyGate \u751f\u7269Biology\u8f85\u5bfc\u670d\u52a1\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\uff1aBiology Research Paper\u3001Biology Lab Report\u3001Biology Assignment\u3001Biology Short answers\u3001\u751f\u7269\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u56fe\u50cf\u5206\u6790\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n
![\"studygate\u4f5c\u4e1a\u4ee3\u5199\"](\"https:\/\/www.studygate.com\/blog-cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/01\/studygate-\u9760\u8c31CS\u4ee3\u5199-1024x389.png\")
<\/p>\n
Step 1\uff1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8981\u6c42<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u5206\u949f\u5373\u53ef\u5b8c\u6210\u4e0b\u5355\uff0c\u4e0b\u5355\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4f5c\u4e1a\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n
Step 2\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u4e13\u4e1a\u5bfc\u5e08<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u4e1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5bfc\u5e08\u5ba1\u6838\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u4e4b\u540e\u4f1a\u8054\u7cfb\u62a5\u4ef7\uff0c\u53ef\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u79d1\u76f8\u5173\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u786e\u8ba4\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6700\u7ec8\u4ef7\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n
Step 3\uff1a\u5b8c\u6210\u8ba2\u5355, \u51c6\u65f6\u4ea4\u4ed8<\/p>\n
\u5bfc\u5e08\u5f00\u59cb\u5904\u7406\u8ba2\u5355\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5f55\u8d26\u53f7\u548c\u5bfc\u5e08\u968f\u65f6\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u4f5c\u4e1a\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u53d1\u9001\u81f3\u4f60\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u5bc6\u3002\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5f55\u8d26\u53f7\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0b\u8f7d\u3002<\/p>\n
Step 4\uff1a\u6536\u5230\u7b54\u684814\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\u786e\u8ba4\uff0c100%\u6ee1\u610f\u4fdd\u8bc1<\/p>\n
\u6536\u5230\u4f5c\u4e1a\u4e4b\u540e14\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e1a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8054\u7cfb\u5bfc\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u3002100%\u6ee1\u610f\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4f60\u9009\u62e9\u6ee1\u610f\u7b54\u6848\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u4f1a\u6263\u6b3e\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u3002<\/p>\n
Step 5\uff1a\u5bf9\u5bfc\u5e08\u63d0\u51fa\u8bc4\u4ef7<\/p>\n
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