对于学习物理课程的学生来说，各种各样的专业英语词汇可以说是影响学习进度的一个门槛。为了帮助大家更有效率地完成物理作业，我们在这里整理一下来写最常见的物理英文词汇，大家拿上小本本记好了！
absorption spectrum: the specific wavelengths of light absorbed by a gas.
吸收光谱：气体吸收的光的特定波长。
acceleration (vector; m/s2)： the rate of change of velocity.
加速度（矢量； m / s2）：速度变化率。
adiabatic： without the exchange of heat with the external universe.
绝热的：不与外部进行热交换。
alternating current (scalar; A)： a type of electrical current that changes direction regularly in time.
交流电（标量； A）：一种电流，会定期有规律地改变方向。
alternating： voltage an electrostatic potential that changes regularly in time.
交变：电压的静电势会定期变化。
ammeter： a device used to measure electrical current.
电流表：用于测量电流的设备。
ampere (A)： the SI unit of measurement of current; equivalent to C/s.
安培（A）：电流的SI度量单位； 相当于C / s。
amplitude (scalar; m)： the maximal displacement of an object in simple harmonic motion; the peak-to-peak height of a wave.
振幅（标量； m）：简谐振动中物体的最大位移； 波浪的峰峰高度。
angular acceleration (scalar; radians/s2)：the rate of change of angular velocity in time.
角加速度（标量；弧度/ s2）：角速度随时间的变化率。
angular displacement (scalar; radians)： the angle between the initial and final radii after a given time of an object moving in a circle.
角位移（标量；弧度）：物体在圆周上移动一定时间后，初始半径和最终半径之间的角度。
angular momentum (vector; J-s)： the cross product of the distance an object is from a point and its momentum with respect to this point.
角动量（矢量； J-s）：物体到点的距离与它相对于该点的动量的叉积。
angular velocity (scalar; radians/s)：the rate of change of angular displacement in time.
角速度（标量；弧度/秒）：角位移随时间的变化率。
antinodes：points on a standing wave that have maximum displacement, due to the constructive interference of the component waves.
波腹：由于分量波的相长干涉，在驻波上具有最大位移的点。
atomic mass： the total number of nucleons in a nucleus.
原子质量：原子核中的核子总数。
atomic mass unit (amu)： the unit of mass appropriate to the nucleus of an atom, equivalent to 1/12 of the mass of the carbon nucleus.
原子质量单位（amu）：适合于原子核的质量单位，等于碳核质量的1/12。
atomic number： the number of protons in a nucleus.
原子数：原子核中的质子数。
Avogadro’s number：the number of objects or particles in a mole of substance, namely, 6.02 × 1023.
阿伏加德罗数：在一摩尔物质中物体或粒子的数目，即6.02×1023。
beats：the effect produced by interference of waves of slightly different frequency, producing a pattern of alternating intensity.
波频：由频率略有不同的波的干涉产生的效果，产生交替强度的模式。
binding energy: the energy difference between the mass energy of a nucleus and its separate constituent particles. Binding energy is released when nuclei come together during fusion.
结合能：核的质能与其分离的组成粒子之间的能差。 当核在聚变过程中聚集在一起时，结合能被释放。
blackbody: an object that absorbs all radiation falling on it and radiates it perfectly.
黑体：吸收所有辐射并完全辐射的物体。
Bohr radius: the average radius of an electron orbiting a single proton, equal to 5.29 × 10-11 m.
玻尔半径：绕单个质子运动的电子的平均半径，等于5.29×10-11 m。
Boltzmann’s constant： a fundamental constant, usually encountered in thermodynamics, with a value of 1.38 × 10-23 J/K.
玻尔兹曼常数：一个基本常数，通常在热力学中遇到，值为1.38×10-23 J / K。
British thermal unit (BTU): a unit of energy frequently used in engineering, equivalent to 252 calories or 1.054 kJ.
英国热量单位（BTU）：工程中常用的能量单位，相当于252卡卡路里或1.054 kJ。
bulk modulus (scalar; N/m2): the ratio of pressure to the resulting compressional strain.
体积模量（标量； N / m2）：压力与产生的压缩应变之比。
buoyant force: the upward force on an object placed in fluid.
浮力：施加在流体中的物体的向上力。
calorie (cal)： a unit of energy, defined as the energy required to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius, and equivalent to 4.184 J.
卡路里（cal）：一个能量单位，定义为将一克水升高摄氏1度所需的能量，相当于4.184J。
calorimeter：a device used to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance.
量热仪：用于测量物质的比热容的设备。
capacitance (scalar; F): a measure of how much charge a capacitor can store.
电容（标量； F）：电容器可以存储多少电荷的量度。
capacitor: an electrical device for storing separated charge and therefore storing electrostatic potential energy.
电容器：用于存储分开的电荷并因此存储静电势能的电气设备。
Carnot cycle: an ideal series of states through which a heat engine may move, which maximizes the amount of heat converted into work. The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes.
卡诺循环：热机可以通过的一系列理想状态，可以最大化转化为功的热量。卡诺循环包括两个等温过程和两个绝热过程。
centripetal acceleration (vector; m/s2): the acceleration of an object in uniform circular motion which is pointed toward the center of the circle.
向心加速度（矢量； m / s2）：物体在匀速圆周运动中指向圆心的加速度。
centripetal force (vector; N): the force that holds an object in circular motion, pointed toward the center of the circle.
向心力（矢量； N）：使物体保持圆周运动的力，指向圆心。
charge (scalar; C): An intrinsic property of matter that causes it to produce an electric field and, when it is moving, a magnetic field, and to feel a force due to these fields as well.
电荷（标量； C）：物质的一种固有特性，产生电场，并且在移动时会产生磁场，并由于这些电场而感到力。
circuit: a closed loop arrangement of elements such as capacitors, resistors, inductors, and batteries, through which electrical current flows.
电路：由诸如电容器，电阻器，电感器和电池之类的元件组成的闭环布置，电流流过该电路。
compressional strain (scalar): the fractional volume change of an object due to uniform pressure.
压缩应变（标量）：物体由于均匀压力而产生的体积分数变化。
Compton scattering: the deflection of electrons by photons.
康普顿散射：光子对电子的偏转。
concave mirror: a mirror with an inwardly curved surface, such as the inner surface of a sphere.
凹面镜：具有向内弯曲的表面（例如球体的内表面）的镜子。
conduction: the transfer of heat through a stationary substance; also the movement of ions or electrons through a material.
传导：通过固定物质的热传递；离子或电子在材料中的运动。
conductor: a material through which electrical charges can easily flow.
导体：电荷可以轻易流过的材料。
conservation of energy: a fundamental law of physics which states that the energy of a system does not change unless an external force acts upon the system.
能量守恒：物理学的基本定律，指出除非有外力作用于系统，否则系统的能量不会改变。
constructive interference: the phenomenon in which waves present simultaneously at the same position add together to form a bigger wave.
相长干涉：在相同位置同时出现的波加在一起形成更大波的现象。
convection: the transport of heat due to the motion of heated substance, such as a gas.
对流：由于加热的物质（例如气体）的运动而产生的热传递。
converging lens: a lens that causes parallel light rays to converge.
会聚透镜：使平行光线会聚的透镜。
convex mirror: a mirror with an outwardly curved surface, such as the outer surface of a sphere.
凸镜：具有向外弯曲的表面（例如球体的外表面）的镜子。
coulomb (C): the SI unit of measurement of charge.
库仑（C）：电荷的SI计量单位。
critical angle: the angle of incidence for a light ray, below which total internal reflection occurs.
临界角：光线的入射角，在该角度以下会发生全内反射。
current (scalar; A): the amount of electric charge passing a point per unit time.
电流（标量； A）：每单位时间通过一个点的电荷量。
daughter nucleus: the nucleus remaining after a radioactive decay.
子核：放射性衰变后剩余的核。
degrees (°): the gradations of a temperature scale; also a unit of measurement of an angle.
度（°）：温度标度的等级；也是角度的测量单位。
density (scalar; kg/m3): mass per unit volume.
密度（标量； kg / m3）：每单位体积的质量。
destructive interference: the phenomenon in which waves present simultaneously at the same position add together to form a smaller wave, or momentarily cancel entirely.
破坏性干扰：在同一位置同时出现的波加在一起形成较小波，或暂时完全抵消的现象。
dichroic: having the property of naturally emitting light with only a single polarization.
二向色性：具有仅发出单个偏振光的自然发射光的特性。
dielectric constant (scalar): an intrinsic property of a substance that indicates the amount of charge induced in the substance when it is placed in an electric field.
介电常数（标量）：一种物质的固有特性，表示当将其置于电场中时在该物质中感应的电荷量。
diffraction: the process of a wave spreading as it passes around an object or passes through a narrow opening.
衍射：当波穿过物体或穿过狭窄的开口时，波传播的过程。
direct current (scalar; A): a type of electrical current that flows in only one direction. Direct current flows between the terminals of a simple battery when they are connected to a circuit.
直流电（标量； A）：一种仅在一个方向上流动的电流。当简单电池的端子连接到电路时，直流电会在它们之间流动。
dispersion: the effect of separating waves, especially light, into constituent wavelengths by passing through a medium with an index of refraction that varies with wavelengths.
色散：通过穿过折射率随波长变化的介质将波（尤其是光）分离为组成波长的效果。
displacement (vector; m): change in position of an object.
位移（矢量； m）：物体位置的变化。
diverging lens: a lens that causes parallel light rays to diverge.
发散透镜：使平行光线发散的透镜。
Doppler effect: the change in frequency of a wave produced by a moving source. Approaching sources have a higher frequency, and retreating sources have a lower frequency.
多普勒效应：移动源产生的波的频率变化。接近源的频率较高，而后退源的频率较低。
elastic collision: a collision between two objects in which the kinetic energy of both is conserved.
弹性碰撞：两个物体之间的碰撞，其中两个物体的动能均得到保留。
elastic modulus (scalar; N/m2): the ratio of stress to strain.
弹性模量（标量； N / m2）：应力与应变之比。
elasticity: the property of an object to restore its shape after deformation.
弹性：物体变形后恢复其形状的特性。
electric field (vector; V/m): the force felt by a positive unit test charge in a region of space, due to the influence of other charges. Electric fields are produced by stationary and moving charges.
电场（矢量； V / m）：由于其他电荷的影响，正的单位测试电荷在空间区域中感受到的力。电场是由静电荷和动电荷产生的。
electric flux (scalar; V-m): the total sum of electric field vectors passing perpendicularly through a surface. According to Gauss’s law, the electric flux through a closed gaussian surface is proportional to the total net charge contained within the surface.
电通量（标量； V-m）：垂直穿过表面的电场矢量的总和。根据高斯定律，通过封闭高斯表面的电通量与表面内包含的总净电荷成比例。
electromotive force (emf; scalar; V): the electrostatic potential difference between the terminals of a circuit or battery when no current is flowing.
电动势（电动势；标量； V）：无电流流动时，电路或电池端子之间的静电势差。
electron: the negatively charged fundamental particles present in ordinary matter, surrounding the nucleus.
电子：原子周围的普通物质中存在的带负电荷的基本粒子。
electroscope: a simple device for indicating the presence of net electrical charge.
验电器：一种用于指示净电荷存在的简单设备。
electrostatic potential (scalar; V): the amount of energy per unit positive charge required to move a charge between two points within an electric field.
静电势（标量； V）：在电场中的两个点之间移动电荷所需的每单位正电荷的能量。
emf (scalar; V): the electrostatic potential difference between the terminals of a circuit or battery when no current is flowing. Also called electromotive force.
emf（标量； V）：无电流时电路或电池端子之间的静电势差。也称为电动势。
emissivity (scalar): an intrinsic property of a material indicating how well it radiates heat.
发射率（标量）：一种材料的固有特性，表明它的散热能力。
energy (scalar; J): the ability to do work.
能量（标量； J）：做事的能力。
energy level diagram: a diagram illustrating the discrete energies that an electron orbiting a nucleus may possess.
能级图：表示绕原子核运动的电子可能具有的离散能量的图。
entropy (scalar; J/K): a fundamental thermodynamic quantity which measures how much heat energy is unavailable for conversion to work.
熵（标量； J / K）：一个基本的热力学量，用于测量没有多少热能转化为功。
equipotential surface: an array of positions within an electric field that all have the same electrostatic potential value. A charge may move along an equipotential surface without requiring or releasing energy.
等电势面：电场中所有具有相同静电势值的位置的阵列。电荷可以沿着等电位表面移动，而不需要或释放能量。
equivalence principle: the principle of general relativity which states that experiments conducted in an inertial frame in a gravitational field and experiments conducted in an accelerating reference frame will give the same results.
等价原理：广义相对论的原理，它指出在重力场中的惯性系中进行的实验和在加速参考系中进行的实验将得出相同的结果。
ether: The medium on which light waves were once presumed to propagate. The luminous ether does not exist.
醚：曾经被认为在其上传播光波的介质。发光醚不存在。
farad (F): the SI unit of measurement of capacitance; equivalent to A-s/V.
法拉（F）：电容的SI度量单位;相当于A-s / V。
field lines: a pictorial representation of an electric field or magnetic field or any other vector field.
磁力线：电场或磁场或任何其他矢量场的图形表示。
focal length (scalar; m): the distance from the focal point of a lens or mirror to the surface of the lens or mirror.
焦距（标量； m）：从透镜或反射镜的焦点到透镜或反射镜的表面的距离。
focal point: the point at which light rays from a mirror or lens intersect.
焦点：镜子或透镜的光线相交的点。
force (vector; N): a push or pull that causes an object to accelerate.
力（矢量； N）：导致物体加速的推动或拉动。
force diagram: a diagram displaying all of the forces acting on an object.
力图：显示作用在物体上的所有力的图。
forced vibrations: the vibrations produced in an object connected to another vibrating object, with the effect of amplifying the vibrations of the first object.
强迫振动：在与另一个振动物体相连的物体中产生的振动，具有放大第一个物体的振动的作用。
free-body diagram: another name for force diagram.
自由体图：力图的别称。
frequency (scalar; Hz): the number of complete cycles of simple harmonic motion per unit time; the reciprocal of period; the number of wave cycles passing a fixed point per unit time.
频率（标量； Hz）：每单位时间简单谐波运动的完整周期数；周期的倒数；每单位时间经过固定点的波浪周期数。
friction: a retarding force between two objects that inhibits motion.
摩擦：两个物体之间的阻碍力，它抑制运动。
galvanometer: a device used to measure electrical current.
振镜：用于测量电流的设备。
gaussian surface: an imaginary surface-enclosing charge used to calculate the electric field at points on the surface using Gauss’s law.
高斯表面：一种虚构的表面封闭电荷，用于根据高斯定律计算表面上各点的电场。
general relativity: the theory of mechanics that treats gravitational fields as equivalent to relative acceleration and introduces the notion that mass curves space and time.
广义相对论：一种力学理论，将重力场视为相对加速度，并引入了质量使空间和时间弯曲的概念。
generator: a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
发电机：将机械能转换为电能的设备。
half-life: the time required for half of a radioactive sample to decay.
半衰期：放射性样品一半衰变所需的时间。
heat capacity (scalar; J/K): the amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree.
热容（标量； J / K）：将物体温度改变1度所需的热能数量。
heat of fusion (scalar; J): the heat that must be added per unit mass for a phase change of a substance between solid and liquid states. For a change from liquid to solid, the heat of fusion is released.
熔化热（标量； J）：为使物质在固态和液态之间发生相变而必须为每单位质量增加的热量。为了从液态变为固态，会释放出熔化热。
heat of vaporization (scalar; J): the heat that must be added per unit mass for a phase change of a substance between liquid and gas states. For a change from liquid to solid, the heat of vaporization is released.
汽化热（标量； J）：为了使物质在液相和气相之间发生相变，必须为每单位质量增加的热量。为了从液态变为固态，会释放出汽化热。
henry (H): the SI unit of measurement of inductance, equivalent to V-s/A.
亨利（H）：电感的SI度量单位，等效于V-s / A。
hertz (Hz): the SI unit of measurement of frequency; equivalent to s-1.
赫兹（Hz）：频率的SI度量单位；相当于s-1。
ideal gas： a collection of identical, infinitesimally small particles that interact only by elastic collisions.
理想气体：相同的，无限小的微粒的集合，这些微粒仅通过弹性碰撞相互作用。
impulse (vector; N-s): the product of the average force acting on an object and the time over which it acts.
脉冲（矢量； N-s）：作用在物体上的平均力与作用时间的乘积。
index of refraction (scalar): an intrinsic property of a transparent substance, which measures the speed of light in the material compared to the speed of light in a vacuum.
折射率（标量）：透明物质的固有属性，与真空中的光速相比，它测量材料中的光速。
inductance (scalar; H): a property of a circuit that is the proportionality constant between the rate of change of the current in that circuit and the emf that this changing current produces.
电感（标量； H）：电路的一种特性，是该电路中电流的变化率与该变化电流产生的电动势之间的比例常数。
induction: the process by which electromotive forces are generated in a circuit due to changes in a magnetic field.
感应：由于磁场的变化而在电路中产生电动势的过程。
inelastic collision: a collision between objects in which the kinetic energy changes, for example, due to deformation or frictional loss.
非弹性碰撞：物体之间的碰撞，其中动能例如由于变形或摩擦损失而改变。
inertial frame: a set of coordinates that is not accelerating.
惯性系：一组不加速的坐标。
insulator: a material through which electrical charges cannot flow.
绝缘体：一种电荷不能流过的材料。
intensity (scalar; W/m2): the amount of energy carried by a wave across a unit area in a unit time.
强度（标量； W / m2）：波在单位时间内跨单位面积传播的能量。
isobaric: at constant pressure.
等压：在恒定压力下。
isochoric: at constant volume.
等速：在恒定体积下。
isothermal: at constant temperature.
等温：在恒温下。
isotopes: atoms with nuclei possessing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
同位素：具有原子核的原子具有相同数量的质子，但具有不同数量的中子。
joule (J): the SI unit of measurement of energy; equivalent to kg-m2/s2.
焦耳（J）：电能的SI度量单位; 相当于kg-m2 / s2。
Kelvin (K): the SI unit of measurement of temperature.
开尔文（K）：温度的SI度量单位。
kilogram (kg): the SI unit of measurement of mass.
千克（kg）：质量的国际单位制。
kinetic energy (scalar; J): the energy of an object in motion.
动能（标量； J）：运动中的物体的能量。
kinetic friction: friction that acts to resist motion of an object that is already moving.
动摩擦：用来抵抗已经移动的物体运动的摩擦。
kinetic theory of gases: a model of an ideal gas that treats it as a collection of molecules undergoing motion according to Newton’s laws of classical mechanics and predicts macroscopic quantities such as pressure and temperature in terms of molecular properties, such as the velocity of the molecules.
气体动力学理论：一种理想气体的模型，根据古典力学的牛顿定律将其视为运动分子的集合，并根据分子特性（例如分子的速度）预测宏观量，例如压力和温度 。
latent heat (scalar; J/kg): the heat required for a phase change of a substance per unit mass.
潜热（标量； J / kg）：单位质量物质相变所需的热量。
law of conservation of momentum： a fundamental law of physics which states that the linear momentum of a system does not change unless an external force acts upon the system.
动量守恒定律：物理学的基本定律，指出系统的线性动量只有在外力作用于系统时才发生变化。
line spectrum： the specific wavelengths of light absorbed and emitted by a gas. The line spectrum is different for each type of gas.
线谱：气体吸收和发射的光的特定波长。每种气体的线谱都不同。
linear momentum (vector; kg-m/s2)： the product of mass and velocity.
线性动量（矢量； kg-m / s2）：质量与速度的乘积。
lines of force： a pictorial representation of an electric field or magnetic field or any other vector field. Also called field lines.
力线：电场或磁场或任何其他矢量场的图形表示。也称为场线。
longitudinal wave: a wave in which points on the wave move parallel to the direction of wave propagation.
纵向波：在波上点平行于波传播方向移动的波。
Lorentz contraction: the effect that an observer moving with respect to a given object will find the object to be shortened compared with the measurement by an observer at rest relative to the object.
洛伦兹收缩：相对于静止状态的观察者进行的测量，观察者相对于给定对象移动将发现该对象被缩短。
loudness (scalar; decibels): the intensity of a sound wave compared to a set standard, namely, the lowest threshold of human hearing.
响度（标量；分贝）：声波与设定标准（即人类听觉的最低阈值）相比的强度。
luminous ether: Ether is the medium on which light waves were once presumed to propagate. The luminous ether does not exist.
发光醚：醚是曾经被认为在其上传播的光的介质。发光醚不存在。
magnetic field (vector; T): the force felt by a unit positive test charge moving through space, due to the influence of magnets or moving charges. Magnetic fields are produced by moving charges.
磁场（矢量； T）：由于磁体或移动电荷的影响，单位正测试电荷在空间中移动时感受到的力。磁场是通过移动电荷产生的。
magnetic flux (scalar; T-m2): the total sum of magnetic field vectors passing perpendicularly through a surface. According to Faraday’s law, the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a surface is proportional to electromotive force generated on the closed loop containing the surface.
磁通量（标量； T-m2）：垂直穿过表面的磁场矢量的总和。根据法拉第定律，通过表面的磁通量变化率与在包含该表面的闭环上产生的电动势成比例。
mass (scalar; kg): the intrinsic property of matter that causes it to resist acceleration.
质量（标量； kg）：导致其抵抗加速度的物质的固有属性。
mass spectrometer: an instrument that separates ionized atoms or molecules based upon their ratio of charge to mass.
质谱仪：一种根据电离原子或分子的电荷与质量之比将其分离的仪器。
mole: the measure of the number of objects or particles. One mole is 6.02 × 1023 objects (Avogadro’s number).
摩尔：度量物体或粒子的数量。一摩尔是6.02×1023个物体（阿伏伽德罗的数字）。
moment of inertia (scalar; kg-m2): the intrinsic property of an object that causes it to resist changes in rotational motion.
转动惯量（标量； kg-m2）：物体的固有特性，可使其抵抗旋转运动的变化。
momentum (vector; kg-m/s): see linear momentum or angular momentum.
动量（矢量； kg-m / s）：看到线性动量或角动量。
mutual inductance: when a change in one circuit causes a change in a different circuit.
互感：当一个电路的变化引起另一电路的变化时。
neutron: the fundamental particle, possessing no charge, that is present in the nuclei of ordinary matter.
中子：不带电荷的基本粒子，存在于普通物质的原子核中。
Newton: the unit of measurement for force; equivalent to kg-m/s2.
牛顿：力的度量单位； 相当于kg-m / s2。
nodal points: points on a standing wave that do not move at all due to the destructive interference of the component waves.
节点：由于分量波的相消干涉，驻波上的一点完全不移动。
normal force (vector; N): the force exerted by a surface on an object sitting upon it pointing perpendicular to the surface.
法向力（矢量； N）：表面施加在垂直于该表面的物体上的力。
normal: perpendicular.
正常：垂直。
north pole: one end of a magnet; the end that attracts the south pole.
北极：磁铁的一端； 吸引南极的一端。
nuclear fission: the process of a nucleus splitting into two nearly equal-sized nuclei.
核裂变：核分裂成两个几乎相等大小的核的过程。
nuclear fusion: the process of two light nuclei coming together to form a heavier nucleus.
核融合：两个轻核聚集在一起形成较重核的过程。
nucleon: any particle present in the nucleus of an atom, that is, a proton or neutron.
核子：存在于原子核中的任何粒子，即质子或中子。
nucleus: the positively charged central collection of protons and neutrons in an atom.
核：原子中质子和中子带正电的中心集合。
ohm (W): the SI unit of measurement of resistance; equivalent to V/A.
欧姆（W）：电阻的SI度量单位； 相当于V / A。
opaque: having the property of not allowing light to pass through.
不透明：具有不允许光线通过的属性。
parallel: two lines or surfaces that never intersect. Also, for circuit elements, elements that are connected so that they have the same electrostatic potential difference across them.
平行：两条永不相交的线或面。同样，对于电路元件，连接的元件应使它们之间具有相同的静电势差。
parent nucleus: the original nucleus during a radioactive decay.
亲核：放射性衰变过程中的原始核。
pascal (Pa): the SI unit of measurement of pressure; equivalent to N/m2.
帕斯卡（Pa）：SI压力测量单位；相当于N / m2。
period (scalar; s): the time of one complete cycle of simple harmonic motion; the time for one wave cycle to pass a fixed point.
周期（标量； s）：一个简单的谐波运动一个完整周期的时间；一个波周期经过一个固定点的时间。
permeability constant (mo): a fundamental constant of the universe, which is the proportionality constant in Ampere’s law and has the value 1.26 × 10-6 T-m/A.
磁导率常数（mo）：宇宙的基本常数，是安培定律中的比例常数，其值为1.26×10-6 T-m / A。
permittivity of free space (eo): a fundamental constant of the universe that is the proportionality constant in Coulomb’s law.
自由空间的介电常数（eo）：宇宙的基本常数，是库仑定律中的比例常数。
phase: the physical state of an object, for example, solid, liquid, or gas. Also, a property of waves indicating the displacement at the initial time.
相：物体的物理状态，例如，固体，液体或气体。另外，波浪的性质指示初始时间的位移。
photoelectric effect: the emission of electrons by certain metals when the appropriate wavelength of light is shined on them.
光电效应：某些金属发出适当波长的光时，会发射电子。
photoelectrons: the electrons emitted in the photoelectric effect.
光电子：以光电效应发射的电子。
photons: discrete units of energy; the particles associated with electromagnetic radiation (light).
光子：能量的离散单位；与电磁辐射（光）相关的粒子。
pitch (scalar; Hz): the frequency of a sound wave.
音高（标量； Hz）：声波的频率。
Planck’s constant (h)： a fundamental constant of the universe, appearing in quantum mechanics, with the value 6.626 × 10-34 J-s.
普朗克常数（h）：宇宙的基本常数，出现在量子力学中，值为6.626×10-34 J-s。
polarization： a property of transverse waves, especially light waves, that indicates the orientation of the wave displacement with respect to a coordinate system.
极化：横波，特别是光波的一种特性，指示波位移相对于坐标系的方向。
polarizer： a device that permits light of only one polarization to pass through.
偏光镜：一种仅允许一种偏振光通过的设备。
potential energy (scalar; J)： the energy of an object due to its position or internal structure.
势能（标量； J）：由于物体的位置或内部结构而产生的能量。
power (scalar; W)： the rate of change in energy, or the rate of doing work.
功率（标量； W）：能量变化率或做功率。
pressure (scalar; Pa)： the ratio of force to the area to which the force is applied.
压力（标量； Pa）：力与施加力的面积之比。
proton： the fundamental particle, possessing positive charge, that is present in the nuclei of ordinary matter.
质子：存在于普通物质核中的具有正电荷的基本粒子。
quanta： discrete units of energy.
量子：离散的能量单位。
quantum mechanics： the laws of physics that apply to objects on the atomic scale.
量子力学：适用于原子尺度物体的物理学定律。
quantum number： a number describing the quantum state of an object, such as the state of an electron orbiting a nucleus.
量子数：描述物体量子状态的数字，例如绕核运动的电子的状态。
radians： the SI unit of measurement of the size of an angle. A complete circle is 2p radians.
弧度：角度大小的国际单位。一个完整的圆是2p弧度。
radiation： the transport of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves.
辐射：以电磁波的形式传输热量。
radioactivity： the process by which some nuclei spontaneously split and emit particles.
放射性：一些原子核自发分裂并发射粒子的过程。
range： the horizontal distance a projectile travels.
范围：弹丸移动的水平距离。
ray： a straight line representation of the path of a light wave.
射线：光波路径的直线表示。
ray diagram： a drawing of light rays used to analyze a set of optical devices, such as a lens or mirror.
射线图：用于分析一组光学设备（如透镜或镜子）的光线图。
RC circuit： a circuit that contains a resistor and a capacitor in series with one another.
RC电路：包含一个电阻和一个电容的电路。
reactance (scalar; W)： the apparent resistance of capacitors and inductors to alternating current.
电抗（标量； W）：电容器和电感器对交流电的视在电阻。
real image： an image produced in an optical device, such as a lens or mirror, that is formed by converging rays.
真实图像：在光学设备（例如透镜或镜子）中产生的图像，是通过会聚光线形成的。
refraction： the bending of light when it passes across the boundary between two media with different indices of refraction.
折射：光线穿过具有不同折射率的两种介质之间的边界时的弯曲。
resistance (scalar; W)： the proportionality constant between the applied electrostatic potential difference and the resulting current in a circuit.
电阻（标量； W）：施加的静电势差与电路中产生的电流之间的比例常数。
resistivity (scalar; W-m)： a measure of how well current flows through a material, per unit length and cross-sectional area.
电阻率（标量； W-m）：单位长度和横截面积上电流流过材料的程度的度量。
resistor： a circuit element that impedes the flow of current.
电阻器：阻碍电流流动的电路元件。
resonance： a vibration produced in an object at its natural vibration frequency, or a multiple of it, due to a nearby object vibrating at this frequency.
共振：由于附近物体以该固有频率振动而在其固有振动频率或其倍数处产生的振动。
rest mass (scalar; kg)： the mass of an object, measured by an observer at rest with respect to the object.
静止质量（标量； kg）：对象的质量，由观察者相对于该对象静止测量。
restoring force： the force exerted by a spring when it is stretched or compressed, which tends to restore the spring to its resting length.
恢复力：弹簧在拉伸或压缩时所施加的力，这会使弹簧恢复到其静止长度。
resultant： the sum of two or more vectors.
结果：两个或多个向量的总和。
rigid body： an object in which the relative distance between internal points does not change.
刚体：内部点之间的相对距离不变的物体。
RL circuit： a circuit that contains a resistor and an inductor in series with one another.
RL电路：包含一个电阻器和一个电感器彼此串联的电路。
RLC circuit： a circuit that contains a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor in series with one another.
RLC电路：包含一个电阻，一个电容器和一个彼此串联的电感器的电路。
root mean square (rms)： a way of averaging, equal to the square root of the average of the squares of a quantity.
均方根（rms）：一种求平均值的方式，等于一个数量的平方的均方根。
rotational inertia (scalar; kg-m2)： the intrinsic property of an object that causes it to resist changes in rotational motion. Also called moment of inertia.
转动惯量（标量； kg-m2）：物体的固有特性，可使其抵抗旋转运动的变化。也称为惯性矩。
Rydberg constant (R)： a constant found in the description of the line spectra of gases.
Rydberg常数（R）：在气体线谱描述中发现的常数。
scalar： a quantity with magnitude but without direction; expressed as a simple number.
标量：有数量但无方向的数量；用简单数字表示。
self-inductance： the generation of an electromotive force in a closed circuit due to a changing current in that circuit.
自感：由于电路中电流的变化，在闭合电路中产生电动势。
simple pendulum： a mass swinging on the end of a massless string under the influence of gravity.
简单摆：在重力作用下在无质量弦的末端摆动的质量。
solenoid： a long straight coil of wire.
电磁阀：电线的长直线圈。
south pole： one end of a magnet; the end that attracts the north pole.
南极：磁铁的一端；吸引北极的尽头。
special relativity： the theory of mechanics for objects moving with velocities close to the speed of light.
狭义相对论：物体以接近光速运动的力学理论。
specific heat capacity (scalar; J/kg-K)： the heat capacity of a substance per unit mass.
比热容（标量； J / kg-K）：单位质量物质的热容。
spring constant (scalar; N/m)： the constant of proportionality between the applied force and the resulting change in length of a given spring.
弹簧常数（标量； N / m）：施加的力与给定弹簧的长度变化之间的比例常数。
standard pressure： a convenient measure of pressure equivalent to 1 atmosphere or 1.01 × 105 pascal.
标准压力：相当于1个大气压或1.01×105帕斯卡的便利压力测量方法。
standard temperature： zero degrees Celsius.
标准温度：零摄氏度。
standard volume： the volume of an ideal gas at standard temperature and standard pressure, namely, 22.4 liters.
标准体积：标准温度和标准压力下理想气体的体积，即22.4升。
standing wave： a wave produced by the superposition of waves traveling in opposite directions, such that the sum is a wave pulse that does not move along the medium (see nodal points, antinodes).
驻波：由叠加在相反方向上的波叠加而产生的波，这样，总和就是一个不沿着介质移动的波脉冲（请参见节点，波腹）。
static equilibrium： the state of an object when all forces acting on it sum to zero.
静态平衡：物体上所有作用力之和为零时的状态。
sympathetic vibration： a vibration produced in an object at its natural vibration frequency, or a multiple of it, due to a nearby object vibrating at this frequency. Also called resonance.
交感振动：由于附近物体以该频率振动而在物体上以其固有振动频率或其倍数产生的振动。也称为共振。
temperature (scalar; K, °C)： a measure of how hot or cold an object is with respect to a reference object.
温度（标量； K，°C）：衡量一个物体相对于参考物体的温度。
thermal expansion： the phenomenon that most substances increase in volume as their temperature increases.
热膨胀：大多数物质随温度升高而体积增加的现象。
thermodynamics： the branch of physics concerned with very general properties of matter and energy. It also describes the macroscopic properties of matter in terms of the microscopic properties of its components.
热力学：与物质和能量的非常一般性质有关的物理学分支。它还根据物质的微观性质来描述物质的宏观性质。
thermometer： a tool for measuring temperature.
温度计：测量温度的工具。
weight (vector; N)： the product of mass and gravitational force.
重量（矢量； N）：质量和重力的乘积。
work (scalar; J)： the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance through which the object moves as a result. Work results in a change in energy.
功（标量； J）：施加在物体上的力与物体移动距离的乘积。 功导致能量的变化。
work function： the energy required to release an electron from a metal due to the photoelectric effect.
功函：由于光电效应，从金属释放电子所需的能量。
Young’s modulus (scalar; N/m2)： the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain.
杨氏模量（标量； N / m2）：拉应力与拉应变的比值。
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